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Trip Report
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I. Introduction
This trip report will review activities conducted by Clark University under the Malawi Environmental Monitoring Programme (MEMP) from October to December, 1998. This report will describe the technical assistance provided by Mathilde Snel, James Toledano, and Neil Manspeizer and will primarily focus on the following four main activities for which Clark University provided technical assistance during this period:
II. Development of digital spatial data standards
Continued technical assistance was provided by Mathilde Snel to the Department of Surveys (DOS) on the development of national digital spatial data standards. More specifically, technical assistance was given to: 1) development digital spatial data for 1:50,000 (Machinga) and 1:250,000 (Liwonde) map sheet samples; 2) identifing geographic naming and coding standard conventions; 3) determining attribute coding standards; and 4) preparing for technical and senior sessions on digital spatial data standards.
II.a. Digital 1:50,000 and 1:250,000 map samples
Technical assistance was provided to the DOS for the completion of 1:50,000 and 1:250,000 digital spatial data samples. The DOS has been in the process of compiling spatial digital data and metadata for two map samples: a 1:50,000 map sample for the Machinga area and a 1:250,000 map sample for Liwonde. These digital map samples will be pressed on CD and will consist of the following digital features:
Digital features of the 1:50,000 map sample – Machinga
* Note: digital files for the 1:50,000 digital map sample were digitized at DOS, export formats were created at DOS, and metadata was completed at DOS.
Digital features of the 1:250,000 map sample – Liwonde
* Note: digital files for the 1:250,000 digital map sample were digitized at the Arizona Remote Sensing Center (ARSC), export formats were created at DOS, and metadata was completed at DOS
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Metadata files for the digital vector data and digital raster data were created (see 1:50,000 metadata samples in Appendices 1 and 2). Also, a readme file for the 1:50,000 and 1:250,000 digital samples was developed (see Appendices 3 and 4).
Discussions were held with DOS on the provisional mapping standards document (DOS, 1998) and small revisions were suggested. These revisions include:
Discussions were further held with DOS regarding the format of the metadata for spatial data – whether Text or Access files should be used. DOS staff voiced that due to software constraints in Malawi, a simple ASCII text format would be preferable for distribution purposes. During another session at DOS, discussions were further held regarding the value and format of an Access database. The group was in agreement that: 1) an Access format at DOS would greatly help manage spatial data as DOS embarks on developing national digital spatial coverage; 2) that it would be preferable for the Access format to mimic as best as possible the provisional national data as described in the Malawi Digital Spatial Data Standard report (DOS, 1998); 3) that the Access database should allow for the creation of ASCII text files for distribution purposes; and 4) that a metadata format for agencies other than DOS who compile spatial data (e.g., Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture, and Meteorology Department) will be determined at a later date after the DOS has had an opportunity to discuss and get feedback on DOS provisional spatial data standards. The Surveyor General, Mr. Gunda, and Ron Eastman – both of whom have been actively involved in the development of digital spatial standards – will be debriefed and asked to give additional input to the above noted issues. Upon their consent, ARSC will be asked to create an Access database that DOS may use in the future to manage their spatial data. Training in Access – as already proposed by the EIS task force funded through the World Bank – will be critical so that DOS may easily revise this database in the future as new needs arise.
II.b. Provisional geographic naming standards conventions
To ensure interoperable spatial environmental data, technical assistance was given on the development of geographic name and coding standards. Existing geographic names and coding conventions as used by other institutions - such as the National Statistics Office (NSO) and the Famine Early Warning System (FEWS) – were used and adhered to in developing the provisional geographic naming standards. A draft of the geographic name standards has been included in Appendix 5. It is proposed that this document be appended to the provisional Malawi Spatial Data Standards report (DOS, 1998).
II.c. Provisional attribute coding standards
Technical assistance was provided to the DOS to develop provisional geographic feature attribute coding standards. As indicated in Appendix 6, the provisional geographic features coding standards includes information on the geographic features entity definition and symbology. It is recommended that this provisional document be appended to the provisional Malawi Spatial Data Standards document (DOS, 1998).
II.d. Conducting Sessions on Digital Spatial Data Standards with other line agencies
Discussions were held at DOS with regards to conducting digital spatial standards/National Mapping Standards sessions with other line agencies compiling spatial data. A concern of DOS staff was the need for two types of spatial data standards sessions: 1) one session to focus on building awareness and gaining feedback on the digital mapping standards from technical staff at line agencies other than DOS that also gather spatial data and 2) a session to build awareness and recognition towards approving the national mapping standards with senior staff from line agencies other than DOS that gather spatial data.
It is envisioned that the former session – with technical staff - would be a forum in which the DOS would present the DOS’s provision spatial data standards in order to build awareness and gain input on the spatial data standards. It was proposed by DOS that this technical session should include technical staff from other agencies that compile spatial data – namely the Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture, Meteorology, Environmental Affairs Department, National Statistics Office, and FEWS. It was proposed that ideally this session should be approximately 3-5 days. Local currency funds will need to be available to conduct this technical session.
As for the latter spatial data standards session – with senior staff - it is envisioned that this session would be an opportunity for the DOS to present its provisional national mapping standards to senior level staff in order to encourage broader recognition. It was proposed that this session would be approximately three days with the first day and a half filled with presentations on the provisional standards to land surveyors and the second and third day with presentations made to senior staff of other agencies that compile spatial data. The surveyor general, Mr. Gunda, mentioned that these senior level discussions may include the possibility of incorporating the digital spatial standards as a part of the Land Surveying Act. Local currency funds will also need to be available to support this activity.
III. Development of a National EIS
Technical assistance was given by Mathilde Snel and James Toledano on the development of a national EIS in Malawi. Two presentations were given to senior level staff: the first presentation was given to members of the National Committee on the Environment (NCE) and select senior staff and the second presentation was given to the Technical Committee on the Environment (TCE). In accordance with the EIS Design Team strategy paper (1997), presentations focused on building awareness of data and information products compiled to date in the Prototype EIS on the Middle Shire. A pamphlet on results of the Middle Shire investigation was developed and distributed during the presentations (see Appendix 7). During both presentations concern was voiced on the sustainabilty of the collection of environmental information such as compiled for the Middle Shire. To accommodate this concern a section on a national EIS was included in the pamphlet (see last section on EIS on p. 5 – Appendix 7). Clark University started drafting a document to specifically help address institutional issues in developing a sustainable national EIS (see Appendix 8). However, concern was raised by the EIS Team Leader and the COP that the EIS institutional assessment focus initially on securing the development of the EIS task force and further exploitation of the Mid-Shire Analysis. Also, it was recommended by the EIS Team Leader that UA play a larger role in the development of the NEIS initiative. Consequently, it was agreed that UA will now take the lead in this development and that recommendation contained in Appendix 8 be considered at a much later date by the GOM and the EIS Task Force.
IV. Assessment of MEMP’s environmental monitoring capacity building efforts
Upon the request of Wayne McDonald, an assessment was compiled of MEMP’s capacity building efforts throughout the GOM over the past five years. Clark University hopes to present these results during their wrap-up presentation in March/April, 1999. Respondents were asked about the number of individuals trained by MEMP vs. other initiatives, the environmental monitoring hardware obtained through MEMP vs. other initiatives, the applications for which environmental monitoring technologies have to date been used, and opportunities and concerns to continue providing environmental monitoring services. To date, preliminary institutional assessments have been conducted for DOS, Department of Forestry and Chancellor College. During the next trip assessments of MEMP’s capacity building efforts will also be conducted for the Ministry of Agriculture, Meteorology Department, Environmental Affairs Department, Polytechnic, and Bunda College.
An assessment of MEMP capacity building efforts that have had direct or indirect impacts on participating GOM departments to conduct ongoing work includes:
Department of Surveys (DOS)
Department of Forestry (DOF)
Chancellor College (UNIMA)
V. Training in GIS and remote sensing
An intermediate training in GIS and remote sensing was conducted at Bunda College from December 9 – 19. The initial three days of the training focused on ArcView GIS – coordinated by Sam Drake of the University of Arizona - while the subsequent six days of the training focussed on IDRISI GIS and Cartalinx – coordinated by Mathilde Snel and Neil Manspeizer of Clark University. The intermediate training was the continuation of the "training of trainers" in which primarily UNIMA staff instructed sessions throughout the training. The Malawian trainers were as follows:
During the IDRISI/Cartalinx section of the training – coordinated by Clark University – approximately 80% of the sessions were instructed by Malawian trainers. Furthermore, in accordance to the "training of trainers" ten of the twenty-two participants were UNIMA staff or trainers elsewhere (e.g., Dedza School of Forestry and Wildlife and Land Husbandry Training Center - see participants list in Appendix 9). The six day IDRISI/Cartalinx training focused on digitizing and database development, image processing, and environmental modeling (see training schedule in Appendix 10). Participants were asked to evaluate the course. Evaluations were very favorable. Participants indicated that the course had met their expectations and complemented the teaching styles of various instructors. As UNIMA plans to continue this effort – possibly through the World Bank EIS initiative – two constructive observations were made from the evaluations: 1) extending the training may be considered and 2) fewer trainers may be preferable. At the end of the course, participants were given two certificates – one for the three day ArcView course and another for the six day IDRISI GIS course.
Bibliography
Department of Surveys (DOS), 1998. Malawi Digital Spatial Data Standard, Version 0.2. Draft Provisional Version, Revision 2. March, 1998.
EIS Design Team, 1997. Strategy for an Environmental Information System in Malawi. April, 1997.
Malawi Environmental Monitoring Programme, 1998. Workplan for University of Arizona and Clark University activitites.
Appendix 1: Sample metadata for a vector digital spatial file (1:50,000, roads)
Appendix 2: Sample metadata for a raster digital spatial file (1:50,000, imagery)
Appendix 4: Readme file for 1:250,000 digital spatial files
Appendix 5: Preliminary geographic naming conventions/standards
Appendix 6: Preliminary attribute coding standards for the 1:50,000 topographic map series
[Please see PDF document for formatted appendices]
Appendix 8: Preliminary Malawi National EIS Strategy
>What is an Environmental Information System (EIS)
Given the significant pressures on natural resources in Malawi, the dynamic state of the environment demands information that is both timely and accurate. The proliferation of information technologies has allowed for greater access and dissemination of environmental information. A sustainable EIS is used to describe the institutional and technical infrastructure that routinely produces and uses environmental information to improve environmental and natural resource management. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing are information technologies that can be viewed as a driving forces behind this process.
As shown in the Middle Shire Report, such routine environmental monitoring and the use of information technologies can focus on obtaining information on environmental "hot spots" in which more intensive investigation may be carried out (Snel et. al., 1998 and Haan, 1998). As will be described in more detail below, a sustainable NEIS includes in-country capacity to address four components : 1) to develop an environmental data infrastructure, 2) conduct routine environmental analysis, 3) establish an environmental decision support network, and 4) provide for EIS oversight (Figure 1).
Effective decision making and the development of environmental management strategies must be demand-driven and participatory in nature in order to include the many local to national environmental decision makers and stakeholders. As a consequence, environmental information development must be distributed ensuring that capacities are developed at many different levels. In the end, success of an environmental information system will be judged according to the type and quality of environmental decisions that result.
Key Issues for Developing a NEIS
In order to replicate the analyses found in the Middle Shire Report and to develop a sustainable National Environmental Information System (NEIS) strategy, four areas need to be developed by the Government of Malawi: 1) environmental data infrastructure, 2) environmental data analysis, 3) environmental decision support network, and 4) EIS oversight. To develop each of these areas and the questions they pose, institutional, human resource, technical, and financial issues must be addressed and resolved.
1. Developing a National Environmental Data Infrastructure
The development of an in-country environmental data infrastructure entails the routine collection of core environmental data sets. It is important that such environmental data sets are managed adequately to ensure that they are easily retrievable and interoperable as environmental concerns arise. The ability to supply environmental data from a variety of sources is facilitated through the development of data standards and an environmental data infrastructure that allows for proper archiving and regulated accessibility. This ensures that environmental data used for environmental decision making is of the highest accuracy and integrity.
Objective: Identify environmental data needs how they should it be compiled to ensure good quality and routine collection.
Key Institutional Issues to Resolve
Key Human Resource Issues to Resolve
Key Technical Issues to Resolve
Key Financial Issues to Resolve
2. Conducting National Level Environmental Data Analysis
Multidisciplinary environmental analysis is required to routinely address environmental concerns as they arise. Such environmental analysis may be conducted to help identify environmental "hot spots" (e.g., as done in the Middle Shire assessment) or to carry out elaborate analyses within specific areas of environmental concern. Highly trained technical staff are required to conduct routine multidisciplinary environmental analysis. Such multidisciplinary analysis may span biophysical and social explanations of environmental change and result in recommendations on mitigation strategies as needed by environmental decision makers.
Objective: Build capacity and infrastructure to conduct routine environmental analysis.
Key Institutional Issues to Resolve
Key Human Resource Issues to Resolve
Key Technical Issues to Resolve
Key Financial Issues to Resolve
3. Establishing a National Level Environmental Decision Support Network
An EIS is intended solely for the support of environmental decision making and to improve environmental conditions and management. It is critical that national to local environmental information users and providers are adequately linked such that: 1) environmental information is collected with respect to user demands; 2) environmental information is adequately disseminated to all relevant environmental decision makers and stakeholders; and 3) adequate support is given for environmental information usage. An EIS needs to accomplish these tasks on a routine basis.
Objective: Identify infrastructure to ensure that national to local environmental information users and producers are adequately linked.
Key Institutional Issues to Resolve
Key Human Resource Issues to Resolve
Key Technical Issues to Resolve
Key Financial Issues to Resolve
4. Developing EIS Oversight
This is the most important component of an EIS. An effective EIS implies that all activities are coordinated and integrated. EIS oversight requires that a committee, forum, or institution is mandated to oversee and coordinate that: 1) environmental data are routinely collected according to standards and user demand within respective institutions; 2) environmental analysis draws from multidisciplinary expertise and is routinely conducted to satisfy user demands; 3) environmental information needs are routinely assessed and information routinely disseminated, and 4) environmental support are routinely reviewed to encourage environmental information usage (e.g., review of extension, environmental support funds, and policy).
Question: Develop infrastructure to oversee the development and implementation of a National EIS.
Key Institutional Issues to Resolve
Key Human Resource Issues to Resolve
Key Technical Issues to Resolve
Key Financial Issues to Resolve
EIS-Related Activities in Malawi
The following capacity presently exists in Malawi to routinely monitor the environment towards improving its management.
Development of an environmental data infrastructure in Malawi
The development of an environmental data infrastructure in Malawi has to date focused specifically on building technical capacity in the following institutions (where technical assistance has been provided by Clark University and the University of Arizona): the Department of Forestry to routinely monitor land cover change; the Ministry of Agriculture to routinely monitor agricultural yields and soil loss; the Meteorology Department to routinely monitor rainfall and rainfall energy, and the Department of Surveys to provide core mapped environmental data sets. Furthermore, to ensure the future management and interoperability of in-country environmental data, technical assistance was provided to the Department of Surveys in developing environmental data standards (Figure 2). Many other in-country efforts exist contributing to an in-country environmental data infrastructure but have not yet been coordinated. These include, for example, data collection efforts at the National Statistical Office, Famine Early Warning System (FEWS) project, Department of Fisheries, and National Parks and Wildlife Department.
Conducting environmental data analysis
The development of in-country environmental data analysis capacity has included: 1) four annual training cycles (including an introductory, intermediate, and advanced course) in environmental monitoring using Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing, and Global Positioning System (GPS) - to date approximately seventy individuals have been trained; 2) specialized courses in environmental monitoring including ground truthing and participatory rural assessment within various GOM agencies; 3) development of a University curriculum in the Environmental Studies program; and 4) completion of select environmental analysis case studies such as the Middle Shire and Public Land Utilization Study (PLUS). Other in-country environmental analysis capacities exist, for example, training in social analysis in the National Statistical Office, the Center for Social Research, Agricultural Policy Research Unit, and various NGO’s and training in natural resource management in Natural Resources College, Malawi College of Forestry and Mpwepwe College for respectively agriculture, forestry, and fisheries extension staff.
Development of in-country Decision Support
The development of in-country decision support includes the development of environmental legislation/policy initiative (e.g., the Environmental Management Act, National Environmental Policy, NEAP, Fisheries Conservation and Management Act, Forestry Act, and Biodiversity Act); in-country environmental support funds (e.g., Environmental Support Fund and Malawi Social Action Fund); in-country extension services (e.g., agricultural extension, forestry extension, NGO project, various other environmental related initiatives); and environmental awareness programs.
Development of in-country EIS Oversight
Technical assistance has been provided on the development of a national EIS. This has included Eastman, Toledano, and Hutchinson (1994) initial proposal on the development of a national EIS and technical assistance to the EIS Design team (1997), USAID’s Strategic Objective assessment (Eastman, Snel, and Haan, 1998), and EIS task force (1998).
Requirements for the Continued Development of a National EIS in Malawi
The development of a National EIS in Malawi has to date focused on primarily technical capacity building. The next phase in developing a National EIS will require focusing on institutional capacity building ranging from addressing and reviewing institutional mandates and job descriptions with respect to environmental data, collection, analysis, dissemination, and usage to legislating and regulating environmental data collection, analysis, dissemination, and usage. It is recommended that a National EIS Policy is developed to address and regulate these institutional issues.
Requirements for the Development of an Environmental Data Infrastructure in Malawi
A national environmental data standard policy – such as presently being developed by the Department of Surveys - needs to be legislated and regulated. In addition, as part of the National EIS Policy (see section below on "EIS Oversight"), institutional mandates need to be reviewed with specific regard to routine environmental data collection. This will include addressing such institutional issues as the development of specific job descriptions in routine environmental data collection, development of strategies to acquire and retain skilled staff, and development of environmental data sharing and pricing strategies (e.g., cost-sharing environment for data providers).
Requirements for the Development of In-Country Environmental Analysis in Malawi
As a part of the National EIS Policy (see section below on "EIS Oversight) a section that specifically addresses institutional issues related to routine environmental analysis will need to be developed and regulated. This will focus on such institutional issues as: who will routinely coordinate environmental analysis forums; how often will these forums will be coordinated; who will be involved in routine multidisciplinary environmental analysis; how may such skilled environmental analysts be retained; how will these forums be funded; and who will coordinate capacity building initiatives to strengthen in-country environmental analysis (e.g., development of university and extension environmental curricula).
Requirements for the Development of In-Country Environmental Decision Support Network
As a part of the National EIS Policy (see section below on "EIS Oversight") a section specifically addressing the institutionalization of an environmental decision support network will need to be addressed. This will include institutionalizing: who will be responsible to coordinate environmental information needs and dissemination forums; who will funds these environmental information forums; and who will review existing environmental decision support structures and make recommendations towards strengthening these structures (e.g. routine review environmental support funds and extension).
Requirements for the Development of In-Country EIS Oversight
A National EIS Policy needs to be developed and regulated. A National EIS Policy should specifically focus on institution building for the development of an in-country environmental data infrastructure, environmental analysis, and environmental decision support network. Furthermore, the National EIS Policy will need to address who will be responsible for overseeing and coordinating all national EIS activities spanning environmental data infrastructure, information analysis, and decision support.
The Way Forward to Implementing a Sustainable National EIS
A number of sessions with senior staff and the technical level EIS task force are being conducted in November/December, 1998 and will culminate in a draft on: 1) the state of EIS in Malawi (including accomplishments and constraints) and 2) recommendations towards its further development. The draft report will be distributed during a session in March/April to a senior level EIS think tank. The March session will focus on discussing alternative strategies in developing a National EIS. It is envisioned this session will result in a draft report on recommendations to further develop a National EIS Policy that will help pave the way forward to develop a sustainable Malawian EIS that routinely and collaboratively produces and uses environmental information to improve the management of Malawi’s natural resources and environment.
Bibliography
Eastman, Snel, and Haan, 1998. The Clark University Component. A report produced at the request of the SO2 assessment team, March, 1998.
Eastman, R., J. Toledano, and C. Hutchinson, 1994. The Malawi National Environmental Information System. Submitted to USAID, Lilongwe.
EIS Design Team, 1997. Strategy for an Environmental Information System in Malawi. Lilongwe: Ministry of Research and Environmental Affairs.
EIS Task Force, 1998. Minutes from EIS task force meeting on Shire assessment and national EIS strategy. November 16th – 19th, 1998. Capital City Motel, Lilongwe.
Haan N., O. Kabambe, and P. Jambo. (1998) An Interim Report on linking macro and micro analysis for a National Environmental Information System.
Snel M, N. Haan, R. Eastman, K. Burger, P. Jambo, J. Mlotha, S. Chilombe, J. Mzembe, J. Nakutepa, M. Chawinga, V.A.L Mkandawire, P.E Mbiriyawaka-Munthali, J.G Munthali and H. Gausi.(1998) Preliminary Report on the Middle Shire Investigation. Malawi Environmental Monitoring Programme, Department of Environmental Affairs, Malawi.
Appendix 9: Participants list for the GIS/Remote Sensing IDRISI Intermediate Training
[Please see PDF document for formatted tables]