|
Israeli Classification
|
U.S.D.A. Classification
|
FAO Classification
|
Remarks
|
|
KRASNOZEM
|
RHODOXERALFS
|
LUVISOLS
|
Some Krasnozems, mainly the Orthokrasnozems, do not have a typical
Argillic or Argilluvic B horizon and might be eventually correlated
with Typic Xerochrepts and Eutric Cambisols.
|
|
Krasnozem (Orthokrasnozem)
|
Typic Rhodoxeralfs; may be also transition to Oxic Rhodoxeralfs
|
Chromic Luvisols
|
|
Podzolic Krasnozem
|
Typic Rhodoxeralfs; may be also transition to Oxic Rhodoxeralfs
|
Chromic Luvisols
|
|
HAMRA
|
RHODOXERALFS, HAPLOXERALFS
|
LUVISOLS
|
|
|
Hamra (Orthohamra)
|
Typic Rhodoxeralfs
|
Chromic Luvisols
|
|
|
Brown Hamra
|
Mollic Haloxeralfs (Vertic Haplozeralfs)
|
Orthic Luvisols
|
|
|
Nazzazic Hamra
|
Typic or Aquic Rhodoxeralfs, Aquic Haploxeralfs
|
Gleyic Luvisols
|
New proposed subgroup - Aquic Rhodoxeralfs (according to present
key they are Typic Rhodoxeralfs)
|
|
BROWN (AND DARK BROWN) SOILS
|
HAPLOXERALFS OR CALCIXERALFS, HAPLARGIDS
|
LUVISOLS, XEROSOLS
|
New proposed great group - Calcixeralfs (included now in the Haploxeralfs)
|
|
Husmas
|
Typic or Calcic Rhodoxeralfs
|
Chromic, Orthic or Calcic Luvisols
|
New proposed subgroup - Calcic Rhodoxeralfs (according to present
key they are Typic Rhodoxeralfs). New proposed definition for FAO
legend - Calcic Luvisols (nowadays included in Orthic or Chromic
Luvisols).
|
|
Grumusolic dark brown soils
|
Vertic Haploxeralfs or Vertic Calcixeralfs (Typic Chromoxererts)
|
Orthic or Calcic Luvisols, Chromic Vertisols
|
New proposed subgroup - Vertic Calcixeralfs (according to present
key they are Vertic Haplozeralfs). New proposed definition for FAO
legend - Calcic Luvisols (nowadays included in Orthic Luvisols).
|
|
Dark brown soils
|
Mollic & some Vertic Haplozeralfs or Calcixeralfs; some Mollic
Calcic and Vertic Calcic Haploxeralfs
|
Orthic or Calcic Luvisols
|
New proposed subgroup - Mollic Calcic & Vertic Calcic Haploxeralfs
(Mollic & Vertic Haploxeralfs according to present key).
|
|
Light Brown soils
|
Typic Haplargids, Typic or Xerollic Calciorthids (Petrocalcic Palexeralfs,
Petrocalcic Paleargids, Arenic Haplargids), eventually some Typic
& Mollic Camborthids & some Typic or Calcic Haploxeralfs.
|
Xerosols including Luvic Xerosols, Calcic Xerosols & some Haplic
Xerosols; also some Calcaric Cambisols & eventually some Calcic
Luvisols.
|
The Haploxeralfs, Palexeralfs, Camborthids, Cambisols & Luvisols
are not typical for the subgroup; they may appear at the more moist
edge or locally moist areas of the distribution of the soils. Some
of these soils are more or less Natric and may be defined in a Natric
subgroup, or at least as an alkaline phase.
|
|
Siltic Alluvial brown soils
|
Typic Haplargids
|
Luvic Xerosols
|
Some of these soils are more or less Natric and may be defined
in a Natric subgroup or at least as an alkaline phase. The saline
soils are nowadays well-drained, and may eventually be better defined
as saline Xerosols, Saline Yermosols, or as a saline phase of these
units.
|
|
Saline siltic alluvial brown soils
|
Typic Haplargids
|
Orthic Solonchaks
|
|
SIEROZEM
|
|
YERMOSOLS (ALSO XEROSOLS AND SOLONCHAKS)
|
|
|
Stony Sierozem
|
Petrocalcic or Lithic Paleargids, Typic Paleorthids, Typic Calciorthids
|
Calcic Yermosols
|
Most of these soils are saline and also could be defined as Orthic
Solonchaks
|
|
Calcareous Sierozem
|
Typic Calciorthids
|
Calcic or Haplic Xerosols
|
|
|
Hydromorphic Calcareous Sierozem
|
Aquic Calciorthids
|
Calcic or Haplic Xerosols
|
|
|
Sierozem (Orthosierozem)
|
Typic Haplargids (arenic Haplargids)
|
Orthic Solonchaks, Luvic Yermosols
|
The saline Sierozems and Regs should be better defined as saline
Yermosols or as a saline phase of Yermosols. These soils have been
salinized dues to airborne cyclic salts and are totally different
from the typical Solonchaks, although they contain a Salic horizon.
The correlation of the Reg soils in the American and FAO classifications
does not seem adequate. It seems that they should be defined as
a separate special great soil group. Many Regs have an indurated
Gypsic horizon; it may be that those should be classified as Petrocalcic
Paleargids or Petrogypsic Paleargids and Paleorthids.
|
|
Saline-Gypsipherous Calcareous Sierozem
|
Aquic Calciorthids ?
|
Gypsic Yermosols and/or Orthic Solonchaks
|
|
Saline Hydromorphic Calcareous Sierozem
|
Aquic Calciorthids? Typic Salorthids
|
Orthic Solonchaks
|
|
Marly Sierozem
|
Typic & Lithic Calciorthids
|
Gypsic or Calcic Yermosols or Orthic Solonchaks
|
|
REG
|
CALCIORTHIDS, CAMBORTHIDS, HAPLARGIDS
|
|
|
|
Lithosolic Reg
|
Lithic Calciorthids, Lithic Camborthids, Lithic Haplargids
|
Orthic Solonchaks, Lithosols
|
|
|
Regosolic Reg
|
Typic Calciorthids, Typic Camborthids, Typic & some Arenic
Haplargids
|
Orthic Solonchaks
|
|
|
Reg (Orthoreg)
|
ditto
|
Orthic Solonchaks
|
|
|
GRUMUSOL
|
CHROMEXERERTS, PELLOXERERTS
|
VERTISOLS
|
|
|
Hydromorphic Grumusol
|
Aquic Chromoxererts (Chromic & Typic Pelloxererts)
|
Pellic Vertisols (also Chromic Vertisols)
|
In Israel, Hydromorphic Grumusols are considered to have cromas
of two or less.
|
|
Calcareous Grumusol
|
Entic Chromoxererts
|
Chromic Vertisols
|
|
|
Reddish Brown Grumusol
|
Typic Chromoxererts
|
Chromic Vertisols
|
|
|
Brown Grumusol
|
Typic Chromoxererts
|
Chromic Vertisols
|
|
|
Solonezic Grumusol
|
Typic Chromoxererts, Aquic Chromoxererts
|
Chromic Vertisols
|
It is suggested that Natric subgroups be defined for these soils.
|
|
TERRA ROSSA
|
RHODOXERALFS, XEROCHREPTS, HAPLOXEROLLS
|
CAMBISOLS, PHAEOZEMS (RENDZINAS?), LUVISOLS, LITHOSOLS
|
The terra rossas in Israel do not have a significant textural difference
between the A & B horizons although the B horizon usually has
the typical features of an Argillic or Argiluvic B-like blocky or
prismatic structure, cutans, etc.
|
|
Hamric Terra Rossa
|
Lithic Rhodoxeralfs
|
Chromic Luvisols, Lithosols
|
|
Reddish Brown Terra Rossa
|
Lithic & some Typic Rhodoxeralfs, or Lithic Vertic Xerochrepts
& some Vertic Xerochrepts, Lithic & some Vertic Haploxerolls
|
Chromic Luvisols or Eutric & Vertic Cambisols, some Calcaric
Cambisols, Haplic Phaeozems or Rendzinas, Eutric & Calcaric
Lithosols
|
|
Red Terra Rossa
|
Lithic & some Typic Rhodoxeralfs or Lithic Ruptic & Lithic
Xerochrepts (Lithic Haploxerolls)
|
Eutric Cambisols or Chromic Luvisols; Eutric Lithosols (Haplic
Phaeozems or Rendzinas)
|
|
DARK RENDZINA
|
RENDOLLS; (SOME HAPLOXEROLLS AND XEROCHREPTS)
|
RENDZINAS; ALSO LITHOSOLS, SOME PHAEOZEMS & CAMBISOLS
|
The dark Rendzinas of Israel apparently will be redefined. The
Haploxerolls (Phaeozems) and Calcixerolls and also many Xerochrepts
(Cambisols) presumably will be included in the brown forest soils.
|
|
Dark Pararendzina
|
Lithic Rendolls; Lithic Xerochrepts
|
Rendzinas; also Eutric or Calcaric Cambisols & Lithosols
|
|
Brown Rendzina
|
Lithic, some Vertic & Haplustic Rendolls; some Lithic &
Vertic Haploxerolls & Calcixerolls, and a few Lithic & Lithic
Vertic & Lithic Ruptic Xerochrepts.
|
Rendzinas; also Lithosols, some Haplic & Calcaric Phaeozems
& a few Eutric or Calcaric Cambisols
|
|
PROTOGRUMUSOL
|
XEROCHREPTS, HAPLOXEROLLS
|
CAMBISOLS, LITHOSOLS, PHAEOZEMS
|
|
|
Protogrumusol
|
Lithic Vertic Xerochrepts, some Vertic & Lithic Haploxerolls
|
Vertic Cambisols, Eutric Lithosols, Haplic & Calcaric Phaeozems
|
|
|
BROWN LITHOSOL
|
TORRIORTHENTS
|
LITHOSOLS
|
|
|
Brown Lithosol
|
Lithic Torriorthents
|
Calcaric Lithosols
|
|
|
YELLOW SOILS
|
ARGIXEROLLS
|
PHAEOZEMS
|
|
|
Yellow soils
|
Calcic Lithic & Lithic Argixerolls
|
Luvic Phaeozems
|
|
|
BROWN FOREST SOILS
|
HAPLOXEROLLS
|
PHAEOZEMS; SOME CASTANOZEMS
|
|
|
Brown forest soils
|
Typic, Calcic or Cumulic Haploxerolls
|
Calcaric & Haplic Phaeozems; some Haplic Castanozems
|
|
|
SHALLOW BROWN MEDITERRANEAN SOILS
|
HAPLOXERALFS; SOME ARGIXEROLLS
|
LUVISOLS; ALSO PHAEOZEMS
|
|
|
Shallow brown Mediterranean soils
|
Lithic, Lithic Mollic & Mollic Haploxeralfs; some Lithic &
Typic Argixerolls
|
Orthic Luvisols; also Luvic Phaeozems
|
|
|
LIGHT RENDZINA
|
XERORTHENTS, RENDOLLS
|
RENDZINAS, RHEGOSOLS, LITHOSOLS, SOME CAMBISOLS
|
Some of the light Rendzinas have quite a dark-colored A horizon.
This refers to the soils which are relatively rich in organic material
which were correlated with the Rendolls or Rendzinas. The C horizon,
however, is always light-colored. The correlation with Xerochrepts
does not seem adequate; in this case a new Calcic subgroup apparently
should be defined.
|
|
Grumusolic light Rendzina
|
Vertic Xerorthents, Vertic Rendolls, possibly some Vertic Xerochrepts
|
Calcaric Rhegosols, also Rendzinas & Vertic Cambisols
|
|
Light Rendzina (Ortholight Rendzina)
|
Lithic & Typic Xerorthents, Lithic & Eutic or eventually
Typic Rendolls; possibly some Typic Xerochrepts
|
Calcaric Lithosols, Calcaric Rhegosols, Rendzinas, some Calcaric
Cambisols
|
|
Brown Light Rendzina
|
Lithic Rendolls, Typic Xendolls
|
Rendzinas, Calcaric Lithosols, some Calcaric Cambisols
|
|
Light-colored Pararendzina
|
Lithic & Typic Xerorthents, Lithic & Typic Xeropsamments;
possibly some Typic Xerochrepts
|
Cambic Arenosols, Calcaric Cambisols, Calcaric Lithosols
|
|
DESERT LITHOSOLS
|
TORRIORTHENTS;ALSO TORRIPSAMMENTS
|
LITHOSOLS
|
|
|
Rendzinic Desert Lithosols
|
Lithic Torriorthents; eventually transistion to Lithic Rendolls
|
Calcaric Lithosols
|
|
|
Marly & Chalky Desert Lithosols
|
Lithic Torriorthents
|
Calcaric Lithosols, also Calcaric Rhegosols
|
|
|
Gypsiferous Desert Lithosols
|
Lithic Torriorthents
|
Calcaric Lithosols, also Calcaric Rhegosols
|
|
|
Siliceous Desert Lithosols
|
Lithic Torriorthents, Lithic Torripsamments, Lithic Quarzipsamments
|
Calcaric & Eutric Lithosols
|
|
|
NON-DESERTIC LITHOSOLS ON SILICEOUS ROCKS
|
XERORTHENTS; ALSO HAPLOXEROLLS
|
LITHOSOLS
|
|
|
Basaltic Lithosols
|
Lithic Xerorthents; also Lithic and eventually Lithic Ultic Haploxerolls
|
Eutric Lithosols, eventually Dystric and some Calcaric Lithosols
|
|
|
REGOSOLS
|
XERORTHENTS; ALSO QUARZIPSAMMENTS & XEROPSAMMENTS
|
RHEGOSOLS; ALSO SOME ARENOSOLS?
|
|
|
Brown fine-textured Regosols
|
Vertic Xerorthents
|
Calcaric Rhegosols
|
|
|
Red fine-textured Regosols
|
Typic Xerorthents
|
Calcaric Rhegosols; Eutric Rhegosols
|
|
|
Hamric Regosols
|
Typic Xerorthents
|
Eutric Rhegosols; Calcaric Rhegosols
|
|
|
Sandy Regosols
|
Typic Quarzipsamments, also Typic Xeropsamments
|
Cambic Arenosols, Albic Arenosols? or Eutric & Calcaric Rhegosols
|
see below concerning remarks about Albic Arenosols.
|
|
Loessial Regosol
|
Typic Xerorthents
|
Calcaric Rhegosols
|
|
|
Stony Regosol
|
Typic Xerorthents
|
Calcaric Rhegosols
|
|
|
Tuffic Regosol
|
Typic Xerorthents; also Mollic & Typic Vitrandepts
|
Vitric Andosols
|
|
|
COLLUVIAL ALLUVIAL SOILS (WEATHERED)
|
HAPLOXEROLLS, XEROCHREPTS AND XEROFLUVENTS
|
PHAEOZEMS, CAMBISOLS, FLUVISOLS
|
Nearly all of the various weathered Colluvial Alluvial & Alluvial
soils include young soil without diagnostic horizons as well as
soils with a Mollic Epipedon and/or a Cambic B. These formations
are, however, quite young, as the above-mentioned horizons develop
very easily from the weathered Alluvial material. It is also impractical
to divide these soils from a cartographic point of view.
|
|
Red Colluvial Alluvial soils
|
Typic, Calcic or Fluventic Haploxerolls & some Typic &
Vertic Xerochrepts; also some Typic & Vertic Xerofluvents.
|
Haplic & Calcaric Phaeeozems, Eutric or Calcaric Cambisols;
also Eutric & Calcaric Fluvisols
|
|
Brown Rendzinic Colluvial Alluvial Soils
|
Typic, Calcic, Fluventic or Cumilic Haploxerolls; some Typic &
Vertic Xerofluvents
|
Haplic & Calcaric Phaeozems; also Eutric & Calcaric Fluvisols
|
|
Brown Basaltic Colluvial Alluvial soils
|
Vertic, Typic, Calcic & Fluventic or Cumulic Haploxerolls &
some Typic & Vertic Xerochrepts; also some Vertic & Typic
Xerofluvents
|
Haplic & Calcaric Phaeozems; Eutric or Calcaric Cambisols;
also Eutric & Calcaric Fluvisols
|
|
Light-colored Chalky Colluvial Alluvial soils
|
Typic Xerofluvents, Calcic Haploxerolls; some Typic Xerochrepts
|
Calcaric Cambisols, Calcaric Phaeozems; also Calcaric Fluvisols
|
|
Light-colored Kurkaric Colluvial Alluvial soils
|
Typic Xerofluvents; Typic Xerochrepts; some Calcic Haploxerolls
|
Calcaric Fluvisols; Calcaric Cambisols; some Calcaric Phaeozems
|
|
Yellow Colluvial Alluvial soils
|
Typic Argixerolls
|
Luvic Phaeozems
|
|
ALLUVIAL SOILS (WEATHERED)
|
HAPLOXEROLLS; ALSO XEROCHREPTS AND XEROFLUVENTS
|
PHAEOZEMS, CAMBISOLS, FLUVISOLS
|
|
|
Hamric Alluvial soils
|
Fluventic, Typic or Vertic Haploxerolls, Typic or Vertic Xerochrepts;
some Typic Xeropsamments; also Typic Xerofluvents
|
Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols; also Eutric Fluvisols
|
|
|
Brown Alluvial soils
|
Fluventic, Typic or Vertic Haploxerolls, Typic or Vertic Xerochrepts;
some Typic Xeropsamments; also Typic Xerofluvents
|
Calcaric Phaeozems, some Calcaric Cambisols; also Calcaric Fluvisols
|
|
|
Grumusolic Alluvial soils
|
Vertic Xerofluvents
|
Eutric & Calcaric Fluvisols
|
|
|
Weathered Alluvium
|
Typic Xerofluvents
|
Eutric & Calcaric Fluvisols
|
|
|
COARSE ALLUVIUM
|
TORRIFLUVENTS, TORRIPSAMMENTS, XEROFLUVENTS, TORRIORTHENTS
|
FLUVISOLS; APPARENTLY ALSO SOME ARENOSOLS
|
|
|
Coarse Desert Alluvium
|
Typic Torrifluvents, also Typic Torripsamments
|
Calcaric Fluvisols; apparently also Albic Arenosols
|
|
|
Coarse Regosolic Alluvium
|
Typic Torriorthents, also Typic Torripsamments
|
Calcaric Rhegosols; also Calcaric Fluvisols & Cambic Arenosols
|
|
|
Coarse Chalky & Marly Alluvium
|
Typic Torrifluvents
|
Calcaric Fluvisols
|
|
|
Coarse Silty & Clayey Stony Alluvium
|
Typic Xerofluvents
|
Calcaric Fluvisols
|
|
|
SANDY SOILS
|
QUARZIPSAMMENTS, XEROPSAMMENTS, TORRIPSAMMENTS
|
ARENOSOLS
|
These sands are usually very pale brown to yellowish brown and
are not bleached; most of them also are somewhat calcareous. The
present subdefinition of the Arenosols does not include exactly
these soils.
|
|
Aeolian sand
|
Typic Quarzipsamments; also some Typic Torripsamments & Typic
Xeropsamments
|
Albic Arenosols or Eutric & Calcaric Rhegosols
|
|
Alluvial Sand
|
Typic Torripsamments; also some Typic Xeropsamments
|
Albic Arenosols or Eutric & Calcaric Fluvisols
|
|
LOESS & FINE DESERT ALLUVIAL SOILS
|
TORRIFLUVENTS
|
FLUVISOLS
|
|
|
Gravelly & Stony Loessial Alluvial Soils
|
Typic Torrifluvents
|
Calcaric Fluvisols
|
|
|
Gravelly Desert Alluvial Soils
|
Typic Torrifluvents
|
Calcaric Fluvisols
|
|
|
Sandy Loessial Alluvial Soils
|
Typic Torrifluvents
|
Calcaric Fluvisols
|
|
|
Loess & Fine Desert Alluvium
|
Typic Torrifluvents
|
Calcaric Fluvisols
|
|
|
Chalky & Marly Alluvial soils
|
Typic Torrifluvents
|
Calcaric Fluvisols
|
|
|
ORGANIC SOILS
|
HISTOSOLS
|
HISTOSOLS
|
|
|
Peat
|
Histosols
|
Dystric & Eutric Histosols
|
|
|
Organic Mineral soils
|
Histosols
|
Eutric Histosols
|
|
|
GLEY
|
HAPLAQUENTS, PSAMMAQUENTS, HAPLAQUEPTS & SOME HUMAQUEPTS
|
GLEYSOLS
|
|
|
Grumusolic Gley
|
Typic & Vertic Haplaquents or Mollic & Vertic Haplaquents
|
Mollic Gleysols
|
|
|
Gley
|
Typic or Aeric Haplaquents, Mollic Haplaquents
|
Mollic Gleysols
|
|
|
Sandy Gley
|
Mollic or Typic Psammaquents, some Aquic Quarzipsamments
|
Mollic & Eutric Gleysols
|
|
|
Calcareous Gley
|
Typic or Aeric Haplaquents
|
Calcaric Gleysols
|
|
|
Saline Calcareous Gley
|
Typic or Aeric Haplaquents, Typic or Mollic Salorthids
|
Calcaric Gleysols, Gleyic Solonchaks
|
|
|
NAZZAZ
|
ALBAQUALFS (ALSO SOME OCHRAQUALFS & GLOSSAQUALFS
|
PLANOSOLS
|
|
|
Nazzaz
|
Typic Albaqualfs (grey Nazzaz), Aeric Albaqualfs; also Aquic Haploxeralfs
& Aeric or Chromudertic Ochraqualfs (brown Nazzas), Vertic Albaqualfs
or Vertic Ochraqualfs (black Nazzas), some Mollic Albaqualfs (between
the Nazzaz with sand accumulation)
|
Eutric Planosols
|
|
|
SOLONCHAK
|
SALORTHIDS
|
SOLONCHAKS
|
|
|
Organic Solonchak
|
Mollic Salorthids
|
Mollic Solonchaks
|
|
|
Aeolian & Alluvial Solonchak
|
Typic Salorthids
|
Orthic Solonchaks
|
|
|
Gley Solonchak
|
Typic Salorthids
|
Gleyic Solonchaks
|
|
|
Marly Solonchak
|
Typic Salorthids
|
Orthic Solonchaks
|
|
|
Sterile Solonchak
|
Typic Salorthids
|
Orthic Solonchaks
|
|
The writers are greatly indebted to Dr. D.H. Yaalon of the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem for reading the draft of this paper and for his useful advice,
remarks and suggestions.
