#|Abasheeva, N. E.; Revenskii, V. A.; Korsunova, T. M.  Influence of industrial effluence of the Selenga pulp and paper mill on soil and plants.  Eurasian Soil Science  vol. 28 (6):  p.122-130.  1996.  Irrigation of alluvial-meadow soil in the Lake Baikal area of Russia by purified industrial effluent with a salt concentration of 758-1319 mg/litre, including 437-745 mg sulfates/litre, led to an increasein the content of exchangeable sodium, the accumulation of fewer nitrates, and a decrease in the activity of cellulose decomposition.  However,a structure-forming effect of the effluent was observed, with a widening of the CHA:CFA ratio. The yield of dry weight of grasses and their nutrition capacity did not differ from the variant receiving river-water irrigation. Brief (10-13 years) irrigation of fodder crops by purified waste water with mineralization of 1.0-1.5 g/litre is permitted; dilution of the effluent with river water is advised to prevent soil degradation.
#|Abbott, J D ; Hinton, S W ; Borton, D L.  Pilot scale validation of the river/fish bioaccumulation modeling program for nonpolar hydrophobic organic compounds using the model compounds 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 2,3,7,8-TCDF.  ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1999-2012, 1995.  The interactive and user-friendly PC-computer-based RIVER/FISH mechanistic modeling procedure was evaluated and found to provide credible simulations of aquatic organism bioaccumulation for nonpolar hydrophobic organic chemicals (NPHOCs) using a four-trophic-level food web calculation methodology. Model evaluation included calibration to observations of tetrachlorinated dibenzodioxin and -furan (TCDD/F) bioaccumulation in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) that were exposed in pilot-scale experimental streams receiving biologically treated pulp mill effluent and subsequent comparison of model predictions without bioaccumulation parameter adjustment (validation) to similar but independently obtained bioaccumulation observations. When calibrated with site-specific information on NPHOC loading rates and organism feeding habits, model prediction uncertainty was within U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established standards averaging 1.1 pg/g for the observations used for model validation, which all measured <20 pg/g. The procedure appears suitable for field-scale applications provided the site-specific feeding habits of each organism in the simulated food web can be estimated accurately, all significant chemical loadings are quantified, and the natural variability of bioaccumulation processes is considered when interpreting simulation results.
#|Abbott, J D ; Hinton, S W.  Trends in 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations in fish tissues downstream of pulp mills bleaching with chlorine. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 1163-1165, 1996. Field measurements of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) concentrations in fish tissues from riverine environments impacted by treated pulp and paper industry effluent in the United States were analyzed. Data from 39 sites in 14 states across the four major U.S. paper-making regions were assembled and analyzed to determine the annual change in lipid-normalized concentrations of TCDD in fish tissue. The results provide strong evidence of a nationwide trend of decreasing lipid-normalized TCDD concentrations in fish tissue, with 84% of the examined sites showing a decrease. While the paucity of data currently limits any conclusions regarding the statistical significance at individual sites, the overall median rate calculated indicates a 0.36 annual fractional decrease in lipid-normalized concentrations of TCDD in fish tissue (0.18 to 0.51, 95% confidence interval) the average annual fractional decrease was 0.35 (0.23 to 0.47, 95% confidence interval). Subdividing fish into benthic and nonbenthic categories resulted in rates which were not significantly different from one another for both the median and mean statistics.
#|Abdelghani, A. A. T., Pramar, Y. V., Mandal, T. K., Tchounwou, P. B., & Heyer, L.  1995.  Levels of Toxicities of Selected Inorganic and Organic Contaminants.  J Environ Sci Health-Pestic Food Contam Agric Wastes vB30, n5, p717(15).  The levels of cadmium, lead, and hexachlorobutadiene in various environmental samples from Devil's swamp, LA, were determined, as well as the toxicities of arsenic, Cd, and Pb to bluegills and crawfish. Results indicated that Cd and Pb were present in almost all type of environmental samples examined. The levels in all fish samples were below the EPA water-quality criteria of 10 and 50 ppb for Cd and Pb, respectively. However, hazardous levels were detected in crawfish and water samples. Hexachlorobutadiene levels ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.48 ppb in water samples and from less than 0.05 to 0.40 ppb in sediment samples. Mercury was found to be the most toxic metal and As the least toxic to bluegills and crawfish, with bluegills the more sensitive species. Mixtures of Cd with As or Hg resulted in a toxic effect that was additive, while the mixture of As and Hg provided a combined toxic effect that was synergistic.
#|Abdel-Hamid Mohammad I; Shaaban-Dessouki Sami A; Skulberg Olav M.  Water quality of the River Nile: III. Toxicity assessment of six industrial effluents polluting the River Nile. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 8 (3):p239-254 1993.  Six different industrial effluents were chemically and physically characterized. Their toxicity was evaluated using biotests with Selenastrum capricornutum strain NIVA-CHL1. The growth of the test alga showed either inhibition or stimulation. Two of the effluents were highlyn inhibitory with EC-50 values ranging between 1 and 10% (v/v) effluent concentrations. Others showed low growth inhibitory effects (50% lt EC-50 lt 100%). EC-50 values derived from the growth parameters, algal dry weight, cell count, growth rate, and area under the growth curve were almost similar for those two effluents exhibiting highly inhibitory effects. The toxicity values, calculated from algal dry weight and cell count showed, a strong positive linear relationship (r = 0.97 at p lt 0.0001). The potential toxicity of some effluents was partly related to their high content of heavy metals. Changes in mean cell volume of the test alga may be used as an indicator for the potential effects of toxic effluents on the overall cellular activities. The results emphasized the indispensable role of algal bioassays among the basis of relevant and quantitative information about the biological impacts of the investigated effluents on the receiving waters.
#|Adams, S M ; Ham, K D ; Greeley, M S ; LeHew, R F ; Hinton, D E ; Saylor, C F.  Downstream gradients in bioindicator responses: Point source contaminant effects on fish health.  CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES vol. 53, no. 10, pp 2177-2187, 1996.  To investigate potential causal relationships between contaminant exposure and biological responses in fish, a suite of bioindicators ranging from the biochemical to the community-level were measured in fish populations and communities downstream from a bleached kraft mill effluent discharge. Downstream gradients in responses were evident in elevated hepatic mixed-function oxygenase activity, several measures of condition and bioenergetic status, growth, the health assessment index, and several fish community-level parameters. A multivariate discriminant analysis procedure, which included many of the individual bioindicators, also demonstrated a gradient in integrated health status of a sentinel fish species in the contaminated river. These downstream response gradients were probably influenced to a greater degree by contaminant discharges than by natural or anthropogenic nutrient sources downstream.  Establishing causal relationships between a specific contaminant source and responses in sentinel aquatic organisms becomes relatively more straightforward when downstream gradients in biological responses are observed at multiple levels of biological organization.
#|Adjusted streamflow and storage: Columbia River and Coastal Basins, 1928--1989.  Crook (A.G.) Co., Beaverton, OR. Report No.: DOE/BP/21985-5, Jul 93  337p. Order this product from NTIS by: phoneat 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers); (703)605-600 (other countries); fax at (703)321-8547; and email at orders@ntis.fedworld.gov. The development of irrigation projects since the 1830's and theconstruction of major dams and reservoirs since the early 1900's have altered substantially the natural streamflow regimen of the Columbia River and its tributaries.  As development expanded a multipurpose approach to streamflow regulation evolved to provide flood control, irrigation, hydropower generation, navigation, recreation, water quality enhancement, fish and wildlife, and instream flow maintenance. The responsible agencies use computer programs to determine the effects of various alternative system regulations. This report describes the development of the streamflow data that these computer programs use.
#|Ahle, R C ; Jobsis, G. Development of an index of biotic integrity for the lower Piedmont ecoregion of South Carolina using stream fish communities.  LAKE AND RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT vol. 9, no. 2, p. 50, 1994. Annu. International Symposium of the North American Lake Management Society.  Orlando, FL (USA): Oct 31-Nov 5.  The goal of this research was to develop and test an index of biotic integrity (IBI) using fish communities of nine third-order streams in the Lower Piedmont Ecoregion of South Carolina. Six streams with minor anthropogenic impacts were compared with three streams receiving source and nonpoint source effluents from gold mine operations. The biological integrity ratings for streams receiving gold mine effluent ranged from very poor to marginally fair, whereas the biological integrity ratings for the remaining six streams ranged from fair to very good. The creek selected as the reference stream rated from good to excellent, establishing a baseline for attainable conditions for the ecoregion. The IBI supplied biological data that was useful in identifying perturbations based on alterations occurring in fish communities. The results of this study suggest that the IBI could be an excellent tool for monitoring the biological components of streams in the lower piedmont ecosystem in South Carolina.
#|Ahtiainen,-J.; Nakari,-T.; Silvonen,-J. Toxicity of TCF and ECF pulp bleaching effluents assessed by biological toxicity tests. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND EFFECTS OF PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS. Servos,-M.R.; Munkittrick,-K.R.; Carey,-J.H.; van-der-Kraak,-G.J. (eds.)  DELRAY BEACH, FL 33483 (USA)  ST. LUCIE PRESS.1996 pp. 33-40. The toxicity of eighteen different untreated or secondary treated TCF (total chlorine free), ECF (elemental chlorine free) and conventional (Cl sub(2)) bleaching effluents was assessed by a battery of biological tests. The toxicity tests used were: Pseudomonas putida growth inhibition test, Vibrio fisheri luminescence bacteria test, Selenastrum capricornutum algal growth inhibition test, Daphnia magna mobility inhibition (24 h) test and Brachydanio rerio zebra fish hatching and survival test. In the P. putida growth inhibition test only conventional bleaching effluents and ECF birch pulp effluent gave a slightly toxic response. The V. fisheri test was more sensitive. The EC50 values of most untreated ECF and TCF effluents were under 10% effluent concentrations (conventional effluent 15%) and secondary treated effluents were not toxic. All untreated bleaching effluents gave a toxic response in S. capricornutum algal test. EC50 values varied between 12 and 46% effluent concentrations. Treated effluents were not toxic and had a stimulative impact on algal growth. The results obtained by the D. magna test showed that effluents of TCF, ECF (birch pulp) and conventional (pine pulp) bleaching were equally toxic (LC50 values about 40%). Untreated TCF and ECF (pine and mixed pine and birch pulp) like secondary and pilot treated effluents were all nontoxic. The results obtained by the egg/larvae test of zebra fish showed that the lowest effect concentration (LOEC) values differed between hatching and mortality of the larvae. Some effluents were more harmful to hatching while others had a greater effect on mortality. Secondary treated effluents did not have any significant effects. Of the untreated effluents, TCF and conventional (both pine pulp) were the most toxic (LOEC values of hatching between 1 and 3.2% and mortality between 12 and 6.8%). The effects of all the other samples were nearly the same (LOEC values varying between 5 and 25%). There was no significant difference in toxicity between untreated conventional, ECF and TFC bleaching effluents. The natural constituents of wood are probably responsible for the toxicity observed in ECF and TCF effluents.
#|Ali, M M ; Soltan, M E.  The impact of three industrial effluents on submerged aquatic plants in the River Nile, Egypt.  MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER PLANTS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AQUATIC WEEDS, EUROPEAN WEED RESEARCH SOCIETY.  Affrey, J M ; Barrett, P R F ; Murphy, K J ; Wade, P M  (eds ).  DEV. HYDROBIOL. no. 120 pp. 77-83, 1996.  Int. Symp. on Aquatic Weeds:(Ireland), 1994.  KLUWER ACADEMIC:  DORDRECHT.  The submerged vegetation growing in the drainage channels taking effluent from three factories (two processing sugar cane plus one producing chipboard or paper pulp and one large fertilizer plant) into the River Nile in Upper Egypt, and in the river itself upstream and downstream of the discharge points, was studied during 1994. The main pollutants from the sugar cane factory effluents comprised organic matter, including carbohydrates from the fertilizer plant ammonia was the principal pollutant. The study investigated the effect of these different pollutants on aquatic plant standing crop and distribution, in relation to physico-chemical characteristics of water and hydrosoil.  In the effluent channels, dominated by large growths of sewage fungus, submerged vegetation was absent, although some emergent vegetation survived. In the most polluted river sites, up to 2 km downstream of discharge points, the flora was restricted to Potamogeton pectinatus L.  Elsewhere in the river, a more diverse submerged flora was present, including Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Potamogeton crispus L.
#|Allen H E, & Hansen D J.  The importance of trace metal speciation to water quality criteria.  Water Environment Research, 68 (1), 1996.  42-54. Because the bioavailability of a trace metal, and consequently its toxicity, is dependent on the physical and chemical form of the metal, we have presented a detailed assessment of how speciation of copper would be expected to affect its toxicity. Principles of chemical speciation are applied to demonstrate that inorganic forms will be in constant proportion to each other and to free copper ion during the course of the titration of a sample of natural water with copper or in the various treatments in a toxicity test conducted at constant pH and alkalinity. Binding of copper to dissolved organic matter or to suspended particulate matter may render the copper nonbioavailable. We have considered a simple complexation model to describe the complexation of copper to soluble ligands. Naturally occurring dissolved organic matter is present at concentrations only slightly greater than that of copper. Consequently, titration of water with copper results in a nonlinear relationship between the concentration of copper present as free copper ion plus inorganic copper species. The effects of stability constant of the complex, concentration of ligand, and the total copper concentration are evaluated. We have related bioavailable copper to the concentration of free copper ion plus inorganic copper complexes, which is valid if the pH and alkalinity of the waters used to develop a criteria are not different. On the basis of limited field data for the complexation of copper in Narragansett Bay water, we do not expect that significant differences in water quality criteria (WQC) would result if the criteria were to be based on free copper ion plus inorganic copper complexes rather than total copper concentrations. We examined the effect of speciation of copper in different waters as related to empirical or theoretically calculated water effect ratios (WER). We show that, on the basis of sound chemical principles, it would be expected that the most sensitive organisms would have the greatest WER. This prediction is confirmed by the empirical observations available. For insensitive organisms, knowledge of the concentration of ligand is sufficient to reasonably predict the WER. However, for the more sensitive organisms that give higher WERs, it is necessary to measure or calculate the speciation of copper to predict the WER. Use of predicted WERs may replace use of empirically derived WERs as is now part of regulatory guidance for derivation of site-specific WQC, if correspondence has been demonstrated.
#|Allen, H.E. 1993. The significance of trace metal speciation for water, sediment, and soil quality standards. Sci. Total Environ. (Suppl.): 23-45.
#|ALLEN-GIL,-SM, GILROY DJ, CURTIS LR.  AN ECOREGION APPROACH TO MERCURY BIOACCUMULATION BY FISH IN RESERVOIRS.  ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY  28: (1) 61-68 JAN 1995.  Three Oregon reservoirs were evaluated for environmental parameters affecting mercury (Hg) dynamics and bioaccumulation in fish using an ecoregion approach. Ecoregions are distinguished by topography, geology, soil type and composition, and land use patterns. We examined: pH,dissolved oxygen, hardness, conductivity and concentration of Hg ([Hg]) in water; and complexing agent concentrations, organic content, inorganic and organic [Hg] in sediments; and [Hg] in three fish species. [Hg] in water was below detection (0.1 mu g/L) in most water samples from the three reservoirs; in samples above detection, we reasoned that Hg was predominantly in the particulate fraction. Hg in sediment was only found consistently in the inorganic state; organic mercury was below detection (0.2 ng/g) in 83% of sediment samples. Muscle [Hg] in fish over 4 years old was above the FDA limit of 1.0 mu g/g wet weight, and more than 90% of the Hg in all fish was organic mercury. [Hg] in lateral muscle was similar between smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in Owyhee Reservoir and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in Cottage Grove Reservoir; rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) from Ochoco Reservoir had significantly lower levels of Hg. It is concluded that, although ecoregion parameters alone do not explain mercury dynamics, they may influence the methylation rate in areas of similar Hg loading rates.
#|Amato JR; Wayment DD; Little EE; Greenberg BM; DeLonay AJ.  Surfactant toxicity identification with a municipal wastewater.  ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: SEVENTH VOLUME, 1998, V1333, P272-283 (SERIES TITLE: AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION).  An acute toxicity identification evaluation following U.S. EPA guidelines was performed with a municipal wastewater to identify effluent components responsible for lethality of larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Ammonia toxicity, also present in the effluent, was not the object of this study. The study was designed to characterize effluent toxicity not due to ammonia. To minimize ammonia toxicity interferences, all Phase I testing was performed at pH's where ammonia toxicity would be negligible. Phase I toxicity characterization results indicated surfactants as the class of compounds causing acute non-ammonia toxicity for both test species. A distinct toxicant characteristic, specifically sublation at alkaline pH, was employed to track suspect surfactant loadings in the collection system. Concurrently, effluent surfactant residue testing determined nonionic surfactants were at adequate concentrations and were sufficiently toxic to cause the measured adverse effects. Influent surfactant toxicity was determined to be much less than in the final effluent indicating the treatment process was enhancing surfactant toxicity. Nonionic surfactants known to behave in this manner are nonylphenol ethoxylates. Degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates to the more toxic degradate nonylphenol (NP) during wastewater treatment explained the increase in toxicity. Major loadings of NPE, particularly NPE9, were determined through both analytical measurements and toxicity tracking to be a regional hospital laundry facility and a tannery.  Substitution of NPE-based detergents to less toxic citrus-based products resulted in dramatic reduction of municipal effluent NPE concentrations and removal, of non-ammonia acute toxicity.
#|American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Design and construction of surface drainage systems on agricultural lands in humid areas. ASAE standards 1998: standards engineering practices data (No. 45): p.812-819, 1998. ANSI/ASAE EP302.4. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) St Joseph, SA.
#|American Water Works Association.  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition: Section 9610 Detection of Fungi.  American Water Works Association, Denver, CO ; American Public Health Association, Washington, DC ; Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA., p 9-103:9-110, 19th Edition, 1995. An introduction to fungi discusses their significance (the association between fungal densities and organic loading suggests that fungi may be useful indicators of pollution); occurrence and survival (in potable water, recreational waters, and chlorinated water); and growth patterns and identification.  Three techniques are given for fungi. The pour plate technique is described in Section 9610B.  The spread plate technique (Section 9610C) is an alternative procedure for obtaining quantitative data on colony-forming units. The membrane filter technique (Section 9610D) is presented, but, except for comparisons of different manufacturers' membranes, no critical tests have been reported for membrane filters for fungal isolation efficiency. In addition, techniques are presented for yeast (Section 9610E), zoosporic fungi (Section 9610F), aquatic hyphomycetes (Section 9610G), and fungi pathogenic to humans (Section 9610H).
#|American Water Works Association.  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition: Section 8010 Introduction. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO ; American Public Health Association, Washington, DC ; Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA., p 8-1:8-26, 19th Edition, 1995. Toxicity tests are necessary in water pollution because chemical and physical tests alone are not sufficient to assess potential effectson aquatic biota. The methods given in Part 8000 allow measurement of biological responses to known and unknown concentrations of materials in both fresh and saline waters.  These toxicity tests are applicable to routine monitoring requirements as well as research needs. Section 8010B discussesterminology, including general terms, toxicity terms, biostimulation terms, solution renewal terms, flow terms, and terms used in discussing evaluation of results. Basic requirements for toxicity tests are described in Section 8010C. Guidelines for conducting toxicity tests are given in Section 8010D. Guidelines for preparing organisms for toxicity tests are given in Section 8010E; discussion covers selecting and collecting test organisms; handling, holding, and conditioning test organisms; culturing test organisms, and parasites and disease that may cause unexpected or unexplained mortalities in experimental and control animals.  Section 8010F discusses toxicity test systems, materials, and procedures.  Section 8010G discusses calculating, analyzing, and reporting results of toxicity tests. Section 8010H discusses interpreting and applying results of toxicity tests.
#|American Water Works Association.  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition: Section 5510 Aquatic Humic Substances. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO ; American Public Health Association, Washington, DC ; Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA., p 5-27:5-30, 19th Edition, 1995.  Aquatic humic substances (AHS) are heterogeneous, yellow to black, organic materials that include most of the naturally occurring dissolved organic matter in water. Aquatic humic substances have been shown to produce trihalomethanes (THMs) on chlorination and to affect the transport and fate of other organic and inorganic species through partition/adsorption, catalytic, and photolytic reactions. Two methods are given for determination of aquatic humic substances: the diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) method (Section 5510 B) and the XAD method (Section 5510 C). Guidelines for selection of the method are given in Section 5510 A, the introduction.
#|American Water Works Association.  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition: Section 8710 Microcrustaceans.  American Water Works Association, Denver, CO ; American Public Health Association, Washington, DC ; Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA., p 8-57, 19th Edition, 1995. Microcrustaceans are arthropods that have a very important role in aquatic ecosystems. These planktonic animals harvest smaller organisms and serve as food for many larger animals. The extreme diversity of microcrustaceans requires a complex classification scheme. The freshwater cladoceran, Daphnia, (Section 8711) commonly known as the water flea, is used as a freshwater toxicity test organism.
#|American Water Works Association.  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition: Section 8211 Duckweed (Proposed).  American Water Works Association, Denver, CO ; American Public Health Association, Washington, DC ; Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA., p 8-40:8-43, 19th Edition, 1995. Lemna minor L. is a small aquatic macrophyte widely distributed in quiescent freshwater and estuaries ranging from tropical to temperate zones. It is the most common species of the family Lemnaceae (also known as common duckweed) in the United States and many parts of the world. The common duckweed is an ideal organism for assessing aquatic phytotoxicity of many herbicides, industrial wastewaters, and other contaminants. The duckweed toxicity test is useful, especially for assaying the air-water interface where surface-active substances, oil and grease, and toxic organic compounds may be concentrated.  The test also is useful for assessing toxicity of metals, organic compounds, and industrial effluents. It is generally described as a simple, sensitive, and cost-effective test.
#|American Water Works Association.  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition: Section 10010 Introduction.  American Water Works Association, Denver, CO ; American Public Health.  Association, Washington, DC ; Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA., p 10-1:10-2, 19th Edition, 1995.  Water quality affects the abundance, species composition, stability, productivity, and physiological condition of indigenous populations of aquatic organisms. Therefore, the nature and health of the aquatic communities is an expression of the quality of the water. Biological methods used for assessing water quality include the collection, counting, and identification of aquatic organisms; biomass measurements; measurements of metabolic activity rates; measurements of the toxicity, bioconcentrations, and bioaccumulation of pollutants; and processing and interpretation of biological data. This section defines the communities of aquatic organisms that are considered in Part 10000, including plankton, periphyton, macrophyton, macroinvertebrates, fish, and amphibians.
#|American Water Works Association.  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition: Section 8910 Fish.  American Water Works Association, Denver, CO ; American Public Health Association, Washington, DC ; Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA., p 8-78:8-90, 19th Edition, 1995.  Fish have been widely regarded as good test species for this assessment of aquatic toxicity.  Section 8910 B discusses fish selection and preparation and Section 8910 C discusses test procedures.
#|American Water Works Association.  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition: Section 8720 Macrocrustaceans.  American Water Works Association, Denver, CO ; American Public Health Association, Washington, DC ; Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA., p 8-61:8-73, 19th Edition, 1995. Toxicity testing methods for the microcrustaceans are given in Sections 8710 and 8711. Crustaceans are relevant for determining the toxicity of pesticides in the aquatic environment because of their phylogenic relationship to the insects for whose control many pesticides have been developed.  This section contains lengthy discussions on selecting and preparing test species and conducting the toxicity tests.
#|American Water Works Association.  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1994 Supplement to the 18th Edition: Section 8711 Daphnia.  American Water Works Association, Denver, CO ; American Public Health Association, Washington, DC ; Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA., p 47-50, 18th Edition Supplement, 1994.  Daphnia sp. are small freshwater crustaceans. They have been used for many years to assess the acute and chronic effects of single chemicals and complex mixtures.  Daphnia are widely available from many laboratories and commercial biological supply houses. Only 20 to 30 organisms are needed to start a culture. Some biologists prefer D. pulex to D. magna because it is more widely distributed and easier to culture. However, D. magna neonates (first instar) are larger and somewhat easier to use. This method lists the variables for culturing organisms including: water supply; food and feeding; temperature; lighting; culture vessels; air supply; and culture maintenance.
#|American Water Works Association.  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition: Section 10200 Plankton.  American Water Works Association, Denver, CO ; American Public Health Association, Washington, DC ; Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA., p 10-2:10-29, 19th Edition, 1995. The term "plankton" refers to those microscopic aquatic forms having little or no resistance to currents and living free-floating and suspended in natural waters.  Planktonic plants, "phytoplankton," and planktonic animals, "zooplankton," are covered in this section.  Other organisms occurring in the same environment are dealt with elsewhere: zoosporic fungi in Section 9610F; aquatic hyphomycetes in Section 9610G; and bacteria in Part 9000.  Discussed in this section are sampling collection, including specific instructions for gathering samples; concentration techniques; guidelines for preparing slide mounts for various types of plankton; discussion of various types of microscopes and calibration. Counting techniques are given for phytoplankton (Section 10200F) and zooplankton (Section 10200G).  Five methods for determining chlorophyll are given in Section 10200H.  Various methods of estimating or determining biomass are given in Section 10200I.  Metabolic rate measurements are discussed in Section 10200J.
#|American Water Works Association.  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition: Section 10300 Periphyton.  American Water Works Association, Denver, CO ; American Public Health Association, Washington, DC ; Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA., p 10-30:10-43, 19th Edition, 1995. Microorganisms growing on stones, sticks, aquatic macrophytes, and other submerged surfaces are useful in assessing the effects of pollutants on lakes, streams, and estuaries. Included in this group of organisms, here designated periphyton, are the zoogleal and filamentous bacteria, attached protozoa, rotifers, and algae, and the free-living microorganisms that swim, creep, or lodge among the attached forms. Sample collection (Section 10300B) involves station selection, sample collection, and preservation. Six methods of sample analysis are given (Section 10300C). Estimating productivity is discussed in Section 10300D. Section 10300E is devoted to interpreting and reporting results.
#|American Water Works Association.  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th Edition: Section 8750 Aquatic Insects.  American Water Works Association, Denver, CO ; American Public Health Association, Washington, DC ; Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA., p 8-74:8-77, 19th Edition, 1995.  Aquatic insects are important components of lake and stream biota. Many aquatic insects are more sensitive to pollutants than are fish. Procedures using aquatic insects have been developed for determining acceptable environmental conditions or concentrations of toxicants. Most studies have been short-term tests, but the procedures areavailable for long-term tests.  This section discusses selecting and preparing test organisms, toxicity test procedures, and data evaluation.
#|American Water Works Association.  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th edition: Section 4500-NH3 Nitrogen (Ammonia) American Water Works Association, Denver, CO ; American Public Health Association, Washington, DC ; Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA., p 4-75:4-82, 19th Edition, 1995.  The two major factors that influence selection of the method to determine ammonia are concentration and presence of interferences. In general, direct manual determination of low concentrations of ammonia is confined to drinking waters, clean surface or groundwater, and good-quality nitrified wastewater effluent.  In other instances, and where interferences arepresent and great precision is necessary, a preliminary distillation step is required.  This distillation step is described.  For high ammonia concentrations a distillation and titration technique is preferred. Following the distillation step, a number of methods are described, including:  a titrimetric method, an ammonia-selective electrode method, an ammonia-selective electrode method using known addition, a phenate method, and an automated version of the phenate method. Interferences, storage of samples, a brief discussion of the advantages of each method precede the detailed instructions for distillation and each standard method.
#|Anderholm,-S.K.; Radell,-M.J.; Richey,-S.F.  Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley study unit, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas analysis of selected nutrient, suspended-sediment, and pesticide data. 1994. 203 pp. Water Resources Investigations Report: 94-4061. Surface- and ground-water quality data for selected nutrients, suspended sediment, and pesticides in the Rio Grande Valley study unit, which includes 47,500 square miles in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas, are summarized and presented in graphical and tabular formats. Land use is primarily in four categories: rangeland (58 percent), forest land (36 percent), agricultural land (4 percent), and urban (1 percent). Major uses of water are irrigation, public supply, and industrial. Data from surface-water stations on the Rio Grande show that nutrient concentrations are affected by urban impacts and interspersed agriculture along the river, as evidenced by generally larger concentrations downstream from Albuquerque, New Mexico. Suspended-sediment concentrations in the Rio Grande are affected by the inflow of perennial tributaries, the flushing of ephemeral streams and arroyos, steep gradients in various reaches of the river, and settling in reservoirs. Nitrate concentrations in water from wells in all areas rarely exceeded 10 milligrams per liter and most were less than 2 milligrams per liter. Comparison of nitrate concentrations among all land uses and well depths indicates that the largest median nitrate concentration is associated with rangeland and shallow depths. Orthophosphate concentrations in water from most wells sampled are less than 0.2 milligram per liter and ammonia concentrations are less than 0.03 milligram per liter, indicating that orthophosphate and ammonia concentrations are not a major problem in the study area. Diazinon, an organophosphorus insecticide, was the most frequently detected pesticide in surface water and the only pesticide detected in ground water. About 98 percent of the pesticide analyses of surface water were below the analytical detection limit.
#|Anderson, B S ; Hunt, J W ; McNulty, H R ; Turpen, S L ; Martin, M.  Off-season spawning and factors influencing toxicity test development with topsmelt Atherinops affinis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 479-485, 1994.  Three separate groups of adult topsmelt (Atherinops affinis) were spawned in rotation in laboratory culture over a two-year period to provide larvae for toxicity tests. Size and viability of embryos and larvae produced during the normal summer spawning period (May-August) were compared to those produced during the off season (October-April). Mean embryo viability was relatively high throughout the study (82%), whereas size of larvae varied. Larval size was significantly larger during the summer spawning period than in winter. A 7-d growth and survival toxicity test protocol was developed for topsmelt larvae.  Variability of the protocol was assessed over a 12-month period using copper chloride as a reference toxicant. Precision of 12 toxicity tests using copper was high the intralaboratory C.V. for copper LC50s was 19%. The 7-d larval protocol also gave comparable results in two interlaboratory toxicity tests using copper and complex effluent. This study demonstrates that topsmelt may be spawned throughout the year to provide larvae for toxicity tests and that topsmelt larvae have comparable sensitivity to other larval fishes commonly used in toxicity testing.
#|Andren AW; Bober TW.  Argentum International Conference Proceedings (1st): Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment.  Held in Madison, Wisconsin on August 8-10, 1993.  Metal Speciation in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems; Environmental Cycling of Silver; Toxicity of Metals to Aquatic Organisms; Food Chain Transfer of Metals in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment; Environmental Analytical Chemistry of Silver; Panel Discussion; Poster Session; and Participants. Technical rept.
#|Andren AW; Bober TW.  Argentum International Conference Proceedings (2nd): Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment.  Held in Madison, Wisconsin on September 11-14, 1994.  Metal Speciation in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems; Environmental Cycling of Silver; Toxicity of Metals to Aquatic Organisms; Food Chain Transfer of Metals in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment; Environmental Analytical Chemistry of Silver; Panel Discussion; Poster Session; and Participants. Technical rept.
#|Andren AW; Bober TW.  Argentum International Conference Proceedings (3rd): Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment. Held in Washington, DC. on August 6-9, 1995.  Argentum III; Behavior of Silver in the Water Column; Environmental Cycling, Distribution, and Analytical Chemistry; Behavior of Silver in Sediments; Poster Session; and Participants.
#|Andren, A W ; Bober, TW.  The 4th international conference proceedings: Transport, fate and effects of silver in the environment.  Wisconsin Univ., Madison (USA). REPORT NUMBER:  WISCU-W-96-001. 256 pp, 1996.  Int. Conf. Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment.  Madison, WI (USA), 1996 Aug 25-28.  In the five years since the Argentum conferences were first conceived, great strides have been made in our collective worldwide understanding of silver behavior. Some past laboratory studies had been faulted because they were designed without considering all the variables that truly influence the metal's behavior in nature. When attempts were made to extrapolate results from such laboratory simulations to the more complex natural environment, often the data did not seem to fit with actual tests and measurements made in the field.  Of particular benefit has been the gathering together of scientists from various disciplines who can critique each other's project proposals and date from their own viewpoint, thus bringing valuable cross-disciplinary insight to efforts that otherwise might have been conducted strictly within the confines of a single discipline. This wholistic approach produces better experimental designs that yield more universally acceptable information, often at lower cost and without need to engage in peripheral supporting studies. It has helped eliminate the confusion that resulted from past conflicting data on silver, which made it difficult to adopt reasonable environmental standards. The advent of the new "clean" sampling and monitoring procedures has also greatly revised past thinking regarding ambient concentrations of trace metals in the environment. These successes over the past few years have resulted in better and more reasonable dialogue between researchers, regulators and the regulated community. We hope to continue that process through this fourth conference.
#|ANTLE JA; FINCH RA; BURTON DT; FORT DJ; DAWSON DA; LINDER G; RAYBURN JR; HULL M; KUMSHERKING M; GAUDETHULL AM; TURLEY SD.  FETAX INTERLABORATORY VALIDATION-STUDY - PHASE-III, PART 1 TESTING.  JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, 1996, V16, N6 (NOV-DEC), P517-528.  The Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX) is a 96-h whole embryo developmental toxicity screening assay that can be used in ecotoxicology and in detecting mammalian developmental toxicants when an in vitro metabolic activation system is employed, A standardized American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) guide for the conduct of FETAX has been published, along with a companion atlas that aids in embryo staging and identifying malformations, As part of the ASTM process, a three-phase interlaboratory validation study was undertaken to evaluate the repeatability and reliability of FETAX, Seven different participants collaborated in the study, In Phase I, FETAX proved to be more repeatable and reliable than many bioassays, However, some excessive variation was observed in a few laboratories, An initial lack of assay experience by some technicians caused variation, Phase II showed far less intra- and interlaboratory variability than Phase I, Non-teratogens showed the most consistent results, while more variability was observed for the two teratogens tested, Interlaboratory coefficient of variation values for all endpoints ranged from 7.3 to 54.7, Phase III-Part 1, using coded samples and test concentration ranges selected by each laboratory, showed results similar to Phase I, Analysis of the causes of variation suggested that some technicians judged some embryos to be malformed while others consistently judged similar embryos as normal, Concentration ranges tested by some of the laboratories varied greatly and a new protocol for selecting concentrations for initial testing was written to reduce variation from this source, Testing to date suggests that FETAX is as repeatable and reliable as other standard bioassays.
#|Apodaca,-L.E.; Driver,-N.E.; Stephens,-V.C.; Spahr,-N.E.  Environmental setting and implications on water quality, Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado and Utah. 33 pp.  Water-Resources Investigations Report: 95-4263. The Upper Colorado River Basin in Colorado and Utah is 1 of 60 study units selected for water-quality assessment as part of the U,S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment program, which began full implementation in 1991. Understanding the environmental setting of the Upper Colorado River Basin study unit is important in evaluating water-quality issues in the basin. Natural and human factors that affect water quality in the basin are presented, including an overview of the physiography, climatic conditions, general geology and soils, ecoregions, population, land use, water management and use, hydrologic characteristics, and, to the extent possible, aquatic biology. These factors have substantial implications on water-quality conditions in the basin. For example, high concentrations of dissolved solids and selenium are present in the natural background water conditions of surface and ground water in parts of the basin. In addition, mining, urban, and agricultural land and water uses result in the presence of certain constituents in the surface and ground water of the basin that can detrimentally affect water quality. The environmental setting of the study unit provides a framework of the basin characteristics, which is important in the design of integrated studies of surface water, ground water, and biology.
#|Approved and working criteria for water quality.  1995.  British Columbia.  Water Quality Branch, Victoria.  50p.The British Columbia Water Quality Branch is developing province-wide water quality criteria for use in assessing water quality data and preparing site-specific water quality objectives. These criteria are being developed substance by substance, beginning with those most urgently needed for water quality assessments and objectives. The tables comprising this report contain both working criteria awaiting approval and criteria approved by BC Environment. Substances covered by the criteria include particulates, nutrients, cyanide, nitrogen, metals, bacteria, chlorine, fluoride, ammonia in saltwater, and organic compounds, such as chlorophenols and polychlorinated biphenyls.
#|Arnett, M. W.; Karapatakis, L. K.; Mamatey, A. R.  Savannah River Site environmental report for 1993.  Westinghouse Savannah River, Aiken, SC, United States, 1994, 276 p. REPORT NO.: WSRC-TR-94-075.  Savannah River Site (SRS) conducts effluent monitoring and environmental surveillance to ensure the safety of the public and the well-being of the environment. DOE Order 5400,1, "General Environmental Protection Program", requires the submission of an environmental report that documents the impact of facility operations on the environment and on public health. SRS has had an extensive environmental surveillance program in place since 1951 (before site startup). At that time, data generated by the on-site surveillance program were reported in site documents. Beginning in 1959, data from off-site environmental monitoring activities were presented in reports issued for public dissemination.  Separate reporting of SRS's on- and off-site environmental monitoring activities continued until 1985, when data from both surveillance programs were merged into a single public document. The Savannah River Site Environmental Report for 1993 is an overview of effluent monitoring and environmental surveillance activities conducted on and in the vicinity of SRS from January 1 through December 31, 1993. For complete program descriptions, consult the "SRS Environmental Monitoring Plan" (WSRC-3Ql-2-1000). It documents the rationale and design criteria for the monitoring program, the frequency of monitoring and analysis, the specific analytical and sampling procedures, and the quality assurance requirements.
#|Assmuth, T. W., & Penttila, S. V.  1995.  Characteristics, Determinants and Interpretations of Acute Lethality.  Aquat Toxicol v31, n2, p125(17).  At 35 old and active municipal and industrial mixed-waste disposal sites in Finland, leachates were collected, and acute lethality was determined using Daphnia magna. Both 24-h screening tests and 48-h standard tests were used. Of the 343 tested leachate samples, 33% were at least slightly toxic in the screening tests. In 48-h tests using the samples found to cause lethality, the range of median survival times ranged 0.35-111 h. There were significant correlations between toxicity measures and chemical water-quality criteria, particularly for chlorides, ammonia, and light metals. Screening-test lethality correlated more strongly with the chemical criteria than did the standard-test lethality.
#|Atencio, B.P.  Department of Energy, Richland, WA. Richland Operations Office.  State Waste Discharge Permit application: 200-E Powerhouse Ash Pit. Contract Number: DOE-RL-94-25.  NTIS/DE94015379, 129p.  As part of the Hanford Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order negotiations, the US Department and Energy, Richland Operations Office, the US Environmental Protection Agency, and the Washington State Department of Ecology agreed that liquid effluent discharges to the ground on the Hanford Site which affect groundwater or have the potential to affect groundwater would be subject to permitting under the structure of Chapter 173-216 (or 173-218 where applicable) of the Washington Administrative Code, the State Waste Discharge Permit Program. This document constitutes the State Waste Discharge Permit application for the 200-E Powerhouse Ash Pit. The 200-E Powerhouse Ash Waste Water discharges to the 200-E Powerhouse Ash Pit via dedicated pipelines. The 200-E Ash Waste Water is the only discharge to the 200-E Powerhouse Ash Pit.  The 200-E Powerhouse is a steam generation facility consisting of a coal-handling and preparation section and boilers.
#|Atere-Roberts, S.O.; Koon, J.H.  Meetingself-monitoring requirements for stormwater discharges from industrial facilities.  IND. WASTEWATER  VOL. 1, NO. 1, pp. 38-50, 1993. EPA on Sept 9 and Sept. 25, 1992, issued final regulations governing general NPDES permits for stormwater discharge associated with industrial activities in non-delegated states and territories.  As part of these requirements, certain facilities must monitor their stormwater discharges annually or semiannually, depending on their industrial category, and report the results regularly to EPA or the appropriate state agency.  Specifically, the self-monitoring requirements call for facilities to collect two types of samples during a storm that produces more than 0.1inches of precipitation and that occurs at least 72 hours after the previous measurable storm.
#|Ayoub George M; Koopman Ben; Bitton Gabriel(a); Riedesel Kelly.  Heavy metal detoxification by trimercapto-s-triazine (TMT) as evaluated by a bacterial enzyme assay.  Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14 (2):p193-196 1995.  We compared trimercapto-s-triazine (TMT) to ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) for detoxification of five selected heavy metals as part of an effluent fractionation procedure. Toxicity was assessed using a microbial microplate assay, based on the MetPAD test kit. The affinity of TMT to four of the metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ph) was on the same order of magnitude as EDTA, as indicated by minimum mole ratios of ligand to metal required for detoxification. The TMT was ineffective against Zn. Both TMT and EDTA were toxic (causing more than 30% inhibition) to the test bacterial enzyme at concentrations of 3,000 mu-M or greater. The range of TMT concentrations that detoxified the metals was broader than that of EDTA. Stimulation of enzyme activity by EDTA could complicate interpretation of test data, a problem not shared by TMT.
#|BAILEY HC, DIGIORGIO C, KROLL K, MILLER JL, HINTON DE, & STARRETT G. (1996). DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES FOR IDENTIFYING PESTICIDE TOXICITY IN AMBIENT WATERS - CARBOFURAN, DIAZINON, CHLORPYRIFOS.  ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, V15, N6, P837-845. The responses of carbofuran, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos to standard acute toxicity identification evaluation (TlE) procedures were characterized. The test species was Ceriodaphnia dubia. The TIE procedures included solid-phase extraction, recovery in methanol eluates, hydrolysis under acid and base conditions, and retention in specific methanol/water fractions. In addition, the effect of the metabolic inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, on the toxicity of each of the pesticides was determined. Diazinon degraded quickly under acid conditions, whereas carbofuran degraded under base conditions. In both cases, concentrations were reduced to nontoxic levels within 6 h. Conversely, acidic or basic conditions were not effective in reducing the concentration of chlorpyrifos over the same time period. Solid- phase extraction removed at: least 95% of diazinon and carbofuran from solution, but was less effective with chlorpyrifos. All three pesticides eluted separately in characteristic methanol/water fractions. Piperonyl butoxide ameliorated the toxicity of diazinon and chlorpyrifos, but not carbofuran. Up to 1.5% methanol did not interfere with the protective action of piperonyl butoxide. Case studies in which these techniques were applied to ambient water samples are also described.
#|Bailey, B. Surviving the stormwater permit process.  WATER ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 70-77, 1993. Since EPA published regulations for stormwater discharge permits, industrial facilities and municipalities have had to consider new and timely methods for compliance. In essence, the regulations require both industries and municipalities to develop stormwater controls similar to those currently required for point source discharges, solids, and process wastewater discharges. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit applicants must submit a detailed stormwater pollution prevention plan.
#|Bailey, H C ; Miller, J L ; Miller, M J ; Dhaliwal, B S.  Application of toxicity identification procedures to the echinoderm fertilization assay to identify toxicity in a municipal effluent.  ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 2181-2186, 1995.  Toxicity was detected in a municipal effluent with the echinoderm fertilization assay. Dendraster excentricus appeared more sensitive to the effluent than did Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.  A Phase 1 toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) was conducted using procedures adapted to the echinoderm fertilization bioassay. The Phase 1 TIE implicated cationic metal as the cause of toxicity, and follow-up investigations suggested that copper was the primary cation responsible. As part of the TIE, bioassay were conducted on ammonia and several cations. No-observable-effect concentrations for D. excentricus were >13.4  mu g/L (Ag), >9.4  mu g/L (Cd), 3.8 to 13.1  mu g/L (Cu), >0.7  mu g/L (Hg), 10 mg/L (N, as total ammonia). The data also suggested that interspecific differences in sensitivity to copper and ammonia exist between Dendraster excentricus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
#|Bailey,-H.C.; Young,-L.  A comparison of the results of freshwater aquatic toxicity testing of pulp and paper mill effluents. FOREST INDUSTRY WASTEWATER V. SELECTED PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5TH IAWQ INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FOREST INDUSTRY WASTEWATERS, HELD IN VANCOUVER, BC, CANADA, 10-13 JUNE 1996. Hall,-E.R.; Colodey,-A.G. (eds.)  1997 pp. 305-313.  Freshwater short-term chronic toxicity tests were conducted quarterly on samples from pulp and paper mills under Cycle I of Canada's Environmental Effects Monitoring program. The toxicity tests included the 7-day Ceriodaphnia dubia partial life-cycle test for survival and reproduction, the 7-day rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryo viability test, and the 72-hr Selenastrum capricornutum algal growth inhibition test. All three tests were performed on a routine basis with few failures. The responses of the different species were generally not correlated, suggesting that they responded to different constituents in the effluents. On a statistical basis, the algal test exhibited the greatest sensitivity, followed by the trout embryo and Ceriodaphnia tests. In general, the no-observable effect concentrations (NOECs) were lower than the corresponding IC25 estimates. Due to variability between samples from each mill, it was not possible to distinguish between different mill production processes with respect to their effect on toxicity. In general, mills that treated their effluent using aerated stabilization basins exhibited less toxicity than other treatment types. However, this observation is preliminary and also affected by variability in test results and limited sample size. Overall, the results suggest that toxicity tests have a useful role in identifying toxicity in these effluents and that Toxicity Identification Evaluations should be conducted to identify the cause of toxicity so that treatment and/or source control can be initiated as appropriate.
#|Baillieul,-M.; Bervoets,-L.; Blust,-R.; De-Boeck,-G. Assessment of the toxicity of an industrial effluent with a two-generation reproduction test using Daphnia magna. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON ECOTOXICOLOGY. Sloof,-W.; de-Kruijf,-H. (eds.)  1993 pp. 1159-1164. The toxicity of an industrial effluent and solutions of its main component, CaCl sub(2) was assessed with acute and chronic toxicity tests with Daphnia magna. EC sub(50) values were not different until after 96 h when the effluent proved more toxic than the pure CaCl sub(2). In the first generation of the chronic tests, reproduction was decreased at the same threshold chloride concentration for both the pure CaCl sub(2) and the effluent. In the second generation, reproduction returned to control levels in all tested CaCl sub(2) concentrations. The effluent, however, decreased the reproduction even at a dilution corresponding to one-tenth of the 96-h EC sub(50), a dilution at which all effluent components are within European water quality standards. This difference in chronic toxicity between the effluent and the CaCl sub(2) solutions could not have been foreseen with 48 h acute tests or one-generation reproduction tests, which are the standard ecotoxicological testing procedures.
#|BALK F; OKKERMAN PC; VANHELMOND CAM; NOPPERT F; VANDERPUTTE I.  BIOLOGICAL EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS FOR SURFACE WATER AND INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS.  WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 1994, V29, N3, P211-213.  Within the framework of the International Rhine Action Programme and the EC ACE-Programme in the field of the environment (regulation EC.224/87) the sensitivity and reliability of biological early warning systems are being tested. The effectiveness of these systems for continuous water quality monitoring is being assessed, using surface water and industrial effluents. The systems tested are a fish and a waterflea early warning system. From the results it is concluded that both types of biological early warning systems in combination with physico-chemical monitoring increase the effectiveness of monitoring pollution levels in surface water. Fish early warning systems can be important tools in reducing water pollution by industries.
#|Balthis, W. L., Voit, E. O., & Meaburn, G. M. Setting prediction limits for mercury concentrations in fish having high bioaccumulation potential.  ENVIRONMETRICS,1996 vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 429-439. The potential health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated fish have long been recognized by public health officials as cause for concern, and in the USA many states have developed strategies for issuing fish consumption advisories. The methods and criteria for establishing such advisories vary widely among the states, however, and the advice given to anglers may not be consistent between neighbouring states, even regarding the same body of water. Fish contaminant monitoring data are often used as the basis for advisories, but few methods are available for the quantification and distributional characterization of contaminant levels in fish. Log-normality of pollutant concentrations (i.e. normality of the logarithm of pollutant concentrations) is a common assumption, yet statistical tests of normality do not always confirm this assumption. An alternative to the log-normal distribution is the S-distribution, which has been shown to approximate many statistical distributions with high accuracy, and often results in improved fit over the log-normal. In this paper we evaluate the performance of the S-distribution in characterizing contaminant concentrations, and compare the results to those obtained using the log-normal distribution. A method based on trends in mercury distribution parameters across length classes is presented and used to obtain 95 per-cent prediction limits for mercury concentrations in king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla). It is shown that this method gives narrower prediction limits compared to those obtained using standard regression techniques.
#|Bankey, L A ; Van Veld, P A ; Borton, D L ; LaFleur, L ; Stegeman, J J.  Responses of cytochrome P4501A in freshwater fish exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent in experimental stream channels.  CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES vol. 52, no. 3, pp., 439-447, 1995.  Cytochrome P4501A induction was used to evaluate exposure of fish to bleached kraft mill effluent in experimental stream channels.  Immunodetectable P4501A and associated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity were elevated in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) throughout 263 days of exposure to 8% and 4% effluent from a mill that used 70% chlorine dioxide substitution for chlorine in the pulp bleaching process. In largemouth bass, P4501A was elevated as high as 55-fold over control fish. Large temporal and species variations were observed in enzyme levels and activity. Levels of chlorinated organic compounds present in effluent also varied throughout exposures. However, there was no apparent relationship between P4501A and any of those compounds measured. P4501A and EROD in channel catfish declined to control levels within seven days after transfer of fish to clean water or after terminating introduction of effluent into the channels. In another exposure, induction was observed in largemouth bass at 4 and 12% effluent after the mill began using oxygen in the delignification process and 100% substitution of chlorine dioxide for chlorine.
#|BANTLE JA, FINCH RA, BURTON DT, FORT DJ, DAWSON DA, LINDER G, RAYBURN JR, HULL M, KUMSHERKING M, GAUDETHULL AM, & TURLEY SD. (1996).  FETAX INTERLABORATORY VALIDATION-STUDY - PHASE-III, PART 1 TESTING.  JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, V16, N6, P517-528. The Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX) is a 96-h whole embryo developmental toxicity screening assay that can be used in ecotoxicology and in detecting mammalian developmental toxicants when an in vitro metabolic activation system is employed, A standardized American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) guide for the conduct of FETAX has been published, along with a companion atlas that aids in embryo staging and identifying malformations, As part of the ASTM process, a three-phase interlaboratory validation study was undertaken to evaluate the repeatability and reliability of FETAX, Seven different participants collaborated in the study, In Phase I, FETAX proved to be more repeatable and reliable than many bioassays, However, some excessive variation was observed in a few laboratories, An initial lack of assay experience by some technicians caused variation, Phase II showed far less intra- and interlaboratory variability than Phase I, Non-teratogens showed the most consistent results, while more variability was observed for the two teratogens tested, Interlaboratory coefficient of variation values for all endpoints ranged from 7.3 to 54.7, Phase III-Part 1, using coded samples and test concentration ranges selected by each laboratory, showed results similar to Phase I, Analysis of the causes of variation suggested that some technicians judged some embryos to be malformed while others consistently judged similar embryos as normal, Concentration ranges tested by some of the laboratories varied greatly and a new protocol for selecting concentrations for initial testing was written to reduce variation from this source, Testing to date suggests that FETAX is as repeatable and reliable as other standard bioassays.
#|Barbour MT, Gerritsen J, Griffith GE, Frydenborg R, McCarron E, White JS, Bastian ML A.  A framework for biological criteria for Florida streams using benthic macroinvertebrates. JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 15: (2) 185-211 JUN 1996.  Our study developed an approach to biological assessment that would document effects of pollution on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in Florida streams. The primary objectives were: (1) to classify streams for assessment of benthic assemblages and (2) to develop biological metrics and aggregated indices for biocriteria and assessment. Reference sites were selectedthroughout Florida (with the exception of the southernmost area, known as the Southern Florida Coastal Plain ecoregion) and sampled by biologists from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection.These sites were sampled during a summer index period (1 July through 30 September) from 1992 through 1994. Streams were classified using invertebrate species composition. Three geographic stream classes (bioregions) that were based on aggregations of subecoregions were determined from this analysis: the panhandle, peninsular Florida, and the northeastern portion of Florida. Stream types based on water source (i.e., calcareous or non-calcareous) were not useful as stream classes. From an initial suite of 32 macroinvertebrate metrics, 8 metrics were useful in composing the Stream Condition Index (SCI) for Florida for all 3 bioregions. Scores (5, 3, or 1) were developed for these metrics to allow for aggregation into an index. Aggregating the metrics into the SCT provided a biocriterion that improved discrimination between impaired and unimpaired sites over use of individual metrics.
#|BARBOUR MT.  EXPERIMENTAL-DESIGN AND CONTROL - KEYS TO REFINING RAPID BIOASSESSMENT METRICS - REPLY.  ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY  12: (1) 2-4 JAN 1993.
#|Barbour-MT; Plafkin-JL; Bradley-BP; Graves-CG; Wisseman-RW.  Evaluation of EPA's rapid bioassessment benthic metrics: metric redundancy and variability among reference stream sites. Environmental-Toxicology-and-Chemistry. 1992, 11: 4, 437-449.  The data analysis scheme used in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) rapid bioassessment protocols (RBPs) integrates several community, population and functional parameters (or metrics) into a single assessment of biological condition. A reference data base of macroinvertebrate data obtained from 10 ecoregions in Oregon, Colorado and Kentucky, USA, was used to evaluate the appropriateness and variability of the benthic metrics and the similarities of results among ecoregions. Several statistical procedures, including principal component analysis, correlation coefficient, analysis of variance and stepwise discriminant analysis, were used to test the efficacy of 17 community metrics. A general separation between the mountain ecoregions and the valley/plains ecoregions was determined to exist for the metrics. 2 of the original 8 metrics described in the EPA's RBPs for benthic macroinvertebrates were found to be highly variable and unreliable as measures of biological conditions in some ecoregions. 11 metrics were determined as being valuable in discriminating between montane and valley/plains groupings of ecoregions.
#|Barron, M G ; Nardo, C ; Yurk, J J. Bioavailability of PCBs in channel catfish exposed to a treated municipal effluent.  ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 557-560, 1996.  This study evaluated the use of fish to assess the bioavailability of waste water discharges of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which were below the analytical detection limit in water. PCBs were quantified in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) exposed under controlled conditions to a treated municipal effluent and Detroit River (Michigan, U.S.A.) water for 28 days. PCBs were bioaccumulated in channel catfish exposed to effluent (16.4 to 16.7 mu g/ Kappa g), but not in fish exposed to Detroit River water. The results indicate that channel catfish can be used to assess the bioavailability of PCBs in waste water discharges.
#|Barros, M. C., Mendo, M. J. M., & Negrao, F. C. R.  1995.  Surface Water Quality in Portugal During a Drought Period.  Sci Total Environ v171, n1-3, p69(8). The Water Quality Network in Portugal was used to assess surface water quality during a drought period. A total of 42 sampling stations were selected, which were most representative of the major river basins in the country. Results are presented from the study of the possible influence of very low stored volumes in 14 of the selected reservoirs. The parameters analyzed were temperature, pH, conductivity, total suspended solids, DO, COD, BOD, ammonia, nitrates, phosphates, and fecal coliforms. Results indicated that was quality was good to fair in the reservoirs from the north and in those from the south where important point sources did not exist. Statistical analysis did not highlight any significant relationships between concentrations and time or storage volume.
#|Barton, B A ; Taylor, B R.  Oxygen requirements of fishes in northern Alberta rivers with a general review of the adverse effects of low dissolved oxygen.  WATER QUAL. RES. J. CANADA vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 361-409, 1996.  Sublethal responses of fish to low dissolved oxygen (DO) include changes in cardiac function, increased respiratory and metabolic activity, alterations in blood chemistry, mobilization of anaerobic energy pathways, upset in acid-base balance, reduced growth and decreased swimming capacity. Lowered final temperature preferenda and avoiding low DO are behavioral responses, and under extreme conditions, fish may take advantage of oxygen-rich surface film water. Low DO can affect invertebrate communities by causing selective mortality or inducing drift, which may affect fish production. The presence of pollutants can exacerbate responses to low DO with the effect of raising the threshold DO at which such responses occur. Based on published literature, northern Alberta riverine fishes are grouped into four categories of acute lethal sensitivity. However, chronic DO requirements are far more important to long-term maintenance of healthy fish communities than acute tolerances. Defining chronic DO criteria for northern fishes is complicated by long periods of winter ice cover, possible presence of pulp mill effluent, and lack of information on many regional species. Although previously recommended criteria should provide a reasonable level of protection for fish, any reduction in DO below saturation will cause some production impairment within the aquatic community.(DBO)
#|Bass,-J.A.B.; Pinder,-L.C.V.; Leach,-D.V. Temporal and spatial variation in zooplankton populations in the River Great Ouse: An ephemeral food resource for larval and juvenile fish. REGUL.-RIVERS-RES.-MANAGE. 1997  vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 245-258.  The spatial and temporal dynamics of zooplankton populations were investigated in a highly engineered and regulated section of the River Great Ouse from 1989 to 1993. In addition to main river sites some secondary channels (back channels) and a marina were also included in the study. At main river sites Rotifera were strongly dominant, with peak numbers of 2000 1 super(-1) to more than 18000 1 super(-1), corresponding closely with spring and early summer maximum concentrations of chlorophyll a. Copepoda (mostly nauplii) were recorded at consistently lower densities (maxima, 20-125 1 super(-1)) whereas Cladocera were rarely recorded and never exceed 10 l super(-1). Most Cladocera belonged to species generally associated with macrophytes rather than truly planktonic species. The situation in main river and back channel situations contrasted markedly with that found in marinas, where densities of Rotifera, although extremely variable spatially, were generally higher than those in the adjacent main river. Copepoda and Cladocera were also much more abundant than at the river sites with taxa such as Bosmina and other typically planktonic taxa predominant. As rotifers are the main food for newly hatched cyprinids, spatial and temporal variation in their abundance relative to the spawning locations and hatching times of cypinid eggs may have important consequences for the growth and survival of young fish.
#|Battegazzore, M., & Renoldi, M. C.  1995.  Integrated Chemical and Biological Evaluation.  Water Air Soil Pollut v83, n3-4, p375(16). The Lambro River is considered to be one of the most polluted rivers in Italy. Three sampling sites were established on the Lambro River and one was established along the main tributary, the Lambro Meridionale River. Hydrochemical parameters were determined for the water samples, and macroinvertebrates were analyzed. Water-quality indices and multivariate analyses were used to explain the distribution of the main taxa on the basis of the analyzed parameters. Values of ammonia, DO, and conductivity were indicative of a degraded river in terms of water quality. Copper and chromium concentrations reached relatively high values at all sites except one. The least-polluted station was located upstream of Milan. Conductivity and DO were found to be important factors regulating the colonization of aquatic invertebrates. Multivariate analysis of the combined taxa and physicochemical parameters for both sampling dates of the study gave a complete picture of the relative importance of the parameters as possible agents on the community structures.
#|Bayes, C D.  The consent contract for effluent discharges.  J. INST. WATER ENVIRON. MANAGE. vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 417-424.  1994.  The consent for the discharge of effluent is a contract between the discharger and the regulator. Its purpose is reviewed and compared with effluent performance characteristics. The evolvement of consent conditions and compliance assessment in Scotland is described, together with the challenge posed by the need to implement the urban waste water treatment Directive. A new framework for the consent contract is proposed for sewage and industrial discharges, which clearly prescribes the required effluent performance, authorizes non-compliance, and embodies an explicit assessment of compliance.
#|Bazzanti, M.; Seminara, M.; Baldoni, S.  Chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) from three temporary ponds of different wet phase duration in central Italy.  Journal of Freshwater Ecology  vol. 12 (1):  p.89-99, 1997.  A one-year-study (during 1989-90) on 3 temporary ponds in central Italy examined the relationships between the composition and structure of chironomid communities and some environmental variables.  The 3 ponds showed differences in wet phase duration, dissolved oxygen content, and sediment organic matter. In the pond with longer aquatic phase and lower oxygen content a dominance of Chironominae (mainly Chironomus thummi (C. riparius) and C. plumosus) and Tanypodinae (mainly Psectrotanypus varius) was recorded, whereas in the pool with shorter habitat duration and higher oxygen content, Orthocladiinae (mainly Psectrocladius/Allopsectrocladius spp. and Cricotopus sylvestris) were dominant.  The pond with an intermediate wet phase length showed some characteristics common to the other 2 ponds.  The preferences of chironomids for ponds of different habitat duration can probably be ascribed to their larval size and strategies to survive in ephemeral waters. A more detailed analysis of chironomids of the pond with a longer wet phase showed the existence of 3 major phases of pond life (filling, intermediate and drying phases), according to the seasonal variations and the physicochemical conditions.
#|BC Environment. Environmental Protection Dept.  B.C.'s pulp mills: Effluent status report -- 1994 update. BC Environment. Environmental Protection Dept., Victoria (British Columbia). 1995. 14p. Of the 26 pulp and paper mills operating in British Columbia, 23 discharge effluents directly into the environment. Provincial regulations set maximum discharge levels for contaminants in these effluents. This report summarizes actions taken by provincial and federal governments and the pulp mills to comply with those regulations, and assesses the environmental benefits of those actions. The report updates a January 1994 report and includes those actions and results which occurred from October 1, 1993 to December 31, 1994. Data are included on effluent discharges, effluent toxicity, contaminant discharges per unit of pulp production, discharges of dioxins and furans, and changes to fisheries closures.
#|BECKER, MIMI; L. LARSEN.  IMPLEMENTING A BINATIONAL ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN THE GREAT LAKES BASIN: WILL THE REMEDIAL ACTION POLICY PROCESS SUCCEED IN RESTORING THE AREAS OF CONCERN? (TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS).  PH.D., 1996.  The purpose of this study was to determine whether an "ecosystem approach" to rehabilitate, maintain and protect the Great Lakes Basin transboundary resource system, including its ability to sustain multiple human uses over time is likely to succeed in a complex policy environment.The study highlights the most severely stressed level of the ecological system, where conventional environmental management initiatives have failed: the 43 designated Areas of Concern (AOC). It evaluates the Remedial Action policy process which has been underway in the Basin since 1987, and examines its potential to implement an ecosystem approach through a strategic Remedial Action Planning (RAP) process which is intended to succeed in restoring the functional integrity and enumerated impaired"beneficial uses" in the Areas of Concern. The study hypothesis assumed that the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement's RAP process being implemented in the AOC is likely to be successful because it has taken an ecosystem approach to rehabilitate, redevelop and protect the Great Lakes System and assumed that the degree of success in restoring functional integrity in a given AOC depends upon the extent to which the RAP process in that AOC has incorporated ecosystem approach criteria. Six of 43 AOC were selected for case studies. Data was obtained from site visits, personal interviews, primary documents, direct observation, and surveys of RAP participants. An Ecosystem Approach Remedial Action Policy Process Implementation Evaluation Framework (EA-RAPPIEF) was developed to serve as a model and working hypothesis against which to examine the results of the RAP process to determine the extent to which each was successful and why. RAPs were behind projected deadlines: progress was slower than anticipated. One site was unsuccessful at Stage 1; five were making good to excellent progress, no AOC was restored. Bi-national AOC had the most problems. The EA-RAPPIEF's unique contribution is to establish aninformation base for assessing the adequacy of the RAP process as a strategy to restore and sustain AOC's ecological health. The EA-RAPPIEF is a device which local RAP participants can apply to assist implementation, including reforming their ecosystem's political ecology, presently the greatest barrier to success.
#|Belanger SE.  Literature review and analysis of biological complexity in model stream ecosystems: Influence of size and experimental design.  ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, 1997, V36, N1 (FEB), P1-16.  A meta-analysis of more than 150 model stream ecosystem studies employed in hazard assessment was conducted to assess the effect of model ecosystem size on biological complexity and experimental design, Test system length was highly correlated to duration of colonization and chemical exposure period; however, size was generally unrelated to taxa richness, diversity, abundance, or biomass for algal, protozoan, and invertebrate assemblages, Fish were usually caged and not free-roaming, even in the relatively large (>10 m) systems, Experimental designs, especially in recent years, have been less concerned with pseudoreplication, resulting in studies emphasizing numerous treatments with few or no replicates, Test systems have evolved that emphasize flow through exposures, use of natural source waters, and regression-style experimental designs, These factors collectively reduce problems historically associated with pseudoreplication, Larger model ecosystems (>6 m) are advantageous for increasing the ability to sample more intensively through time and space without imposing sampling artifacts, Fish (caged and free-roaming) are also more often used in larger systems, Several model ecosystem studies that were compared with natural field-based communities demonstrated a high degree of correspondence for biological complexity attributes. Well-designed model stream ecosystems have a high degree of biological complexity and reasonable levels of variability for ecologically relevant endpoints, The use of small application factors (approximate to 1) is applicable to ecotoxicological results from these studies for risk assessment.
#|Bell, D. Craig ; Willardson, Tony.  Some Things Old and Some Things New - The Park City Principles: A Greater Role For the States in National Water Policy.  American Water Resources Association: Proceedings of the Symposia on Water Resources Education: A Lifetime of Learning and Changing Roles in Water Resources Management and Policy Bellevue, WA. June 27-30, 1993  p 495-504.  American Water Resources Association. Given an increasingly complex and changing system of values in water, The Western States Water Council and Western Governors' Association areaddressing challenges and opportunities for western water management. A series of workshops, begun in Park City, Utah, brought together federal, state and tribal water managers, fish andwildlife interests, environmentalists, academicians, and water and power user groups. This group recommended principles for improving institutional decision making through:a holistic or systematic approach at the "problemshed;" a policy framework responsible to a diverse set of economic, social and environmental values; within national policy parameters, the decentralization of authority and accountability in implementing these principles; joint state and federal participation in policy development and program administration; and a preference for performance standards, market mechanisms and negotiation, as distinct from command and control approaches, and litigation. The states emerge as the pivotal level of government for leadership and accountability in implementing these principles. States have the primary role in allocating water supplies, administering water rights, and implementing programs to protect water quality and public values. The federal government has an important continuing role in operating federal projects, exercising trust responsibilities and providing research and financial support The use of these principles promise to help reduce conflicts and balance the West's limited water resources with increasingly complex and competing demands, consistent with contemporary values.
#|BenDavidNovak H, Schick AP.  The response of Acacia tree populations on small alluvial fans to changes in the hydrological regime: Southern Negev desert, Israel.  CATENA 29: (3-4) 341-351 MAY 1997.  Two species of Acacia-A. tortilis and A. raddiana-inhabit channel beds of ephemeral streams in the hyperarid region of Eilat, Southern Negev, Israel. A survey was conducted on two adjacent small alluvial fans in this region in order to investigate the effect of an abrupt change in the hydrological regime on patterns of mortality and regeneration of Acacia tree populations. Changes in the Acacia tree population of the Nahal Yael alluvial fan, which was dammed at its apex 19 years ago, were compared with those in the adjacent Nahal Naomi alluvial fan which was left in its natural, unaltered state. The results show a 2.3 times higher mortality and a 4.1 times lower regeneration in the tree population of the Nahal Yael alluvial fan compared to that of Nahal Naomi. Patterns of mortality and regeneration of the Acacia tree population in the surveyed area are primarily influenced by surface flows, in contrast to groundwater, as generally assumed.
#|Bendixsen, R. B.  Hanford Site Treated Effluent Disposal Facility process flow sheet.  Department of Energy, Washington, DC.  Report No.: WHC-SA-1751; CONF-9307105-1.  Apr 93.  12p.  Annual American Nuclear Society (ANS) meeting, San Diego, CA (United States), 20-24 Jul 1993. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC. This report presents a novel method of using precipitation, destruction and recycle factors to prepare a process flow sheet. The 300 Area Treated Effluent Disposal Facility (TEDF) will treat process sewer waste water from the 300 Area of the Hanford Site, located near Richland, Washington, and discharge a permittable effluent flow into the Columbia River. When completed and operating, the TEDF effluent water flow will meet or exceed water quality standards for the 300 Area process sewer effluents. A preliminary safety analysis document (PSAD), a preconstruction requirement, needed a process flow sheet detailing the concentrations of radionuclides, inorganics and organics throughout the process, including the effluents, and providing estimates of stream flow quantities, activities, composition, and properties (i.e. temperature, pressure, specific gravity, pH and heat transfer rates).  As the facility begins tooperate, data from process samples can be used to provide better estimates of the factors, the factors can be entered into the flow sheet and the flow sheet will estimate more accurate steady state concentrations for the components. This report shows how the factors were developed and how they were used in developing a flow sheet to estimate component concentrations for the process flows. The report concludes with how TEDF sample data can improve the ability of the flow sheet to accurately predict concentrations of components in the process.
#|Benhra, A., Radetski, C. M., & Ferard, J. F.  Cryoalgotox: Use of cryopreserved alga in a semistatic microplate test.  ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY. 1997, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 505-508. Use of cryopreserved alga Selenastrum capricornutum has been evaluated as a simple and cost-efficient procedure in a new semistatic algal ecotoxicity test. Experiments have been conducted to compare performance criteria of this method, named Cryoalgotox, versus the classic microplate test using fresh algae. Cryoalgotox 72-h 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) determined with Cd super(2+), Cu super(2+), Cr super(6+), and atrazine were more sensitive, repeatable (low coefficients of variation), and reproducible (low time effect) than the results obtained with the classical microplate tests. The effect of storage time at -80 degree C on the sensitivity of the algae was assessed using cadmium as a toxic reference it was shown that algae stored at -80 degree C over a 3-month period gave comparable toxicity results to those found with fresh algae.
#|BENNETT, WILLIAM ROBERT.  EFFECTS OF CHLORINATED PHENOLICS AND DIDECYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE ON SWIMMING PERFORMANCE, GROWTH AND LETHALITY OF THE EARLY LIFE STAGES OF WHITE STURGEON (ACIPENSER TRANSMONTANUS).  Degree:  M.SC., 1996.  SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY (CANADA).  Many sturgeon populations worldwide are vulnerable, threatened or locally extinct. White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) are an important species in Canada and are classed as vulnerable. In fact, when numerous large ($\approx$130 kg) white sturgeon (A. transmontanus) washed ashore in the lower Fraser River in 1993 and 1994, public concern was raised over the possibility that toxic effluents may be affecting sturgeon survival. My objective was to test the early life stages of white sturgeon with chemicals found in the Fraser River.  My focus was on chlorinated phenolics and didecyldimethylammonium chloride because of the increase in forest industry (pulp mill and cut lumber) waste water discharge into the Fraser River in the past 30 years.  Chlorinated phenolics (guaiacols, catechols, vanillins) are components of pulp mill wastewater and have been detected in the Fraser River. In addition, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) is a cationic quarternary ammonia fungicide that is used by the cut lumber industry and has also been detected in lumber storage site runoff along the lower Fraser River.
#|Bentley, M ; Longley, G. Impact assessment of industrial effluents on freshwater ecosystems.  PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON ECOTOXICOLOGY. Sloof, W ; de Kruijf, H (eds ).  SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT vol. Suppl. Pts. 1-2 pp. 1123-1128, 1993.  European Conf. on Ecotoxicology.  Amsterdam (Netherlands), 1992 May, 11-15.  The classical way of deriving water quality criteria and monitoring the aquatic environment is not always protective for aquatic life. In this study the impact of an industrial effluent on a river was examined. The proposed method examines the effluent as a whole and takes into account the in-stream conditions of the receiving water, including the pollution already present. Existing techniques consisting of laboratory bioassays (acute and chronic) and field surveys, were combined. This combination made it possible: (1) to assess the actual effect of the effluent on the aquatic organisms (2) to discriminate between the effect of the individual discharge and the pollution already present and (3) to propose "safe" discharge levels.
#|Bentley, M ; Longley, G.Toxicity of municipal wastewater effluents.  NEW WAVES vol. 6, no. 1, p. 2, 1993.  Regulatory agencies traditionally rely on numeric criteria for specific pollutants. These criteria may not adequately measure the actual toxicity of contaminants to aquatic organisms. Biomonitoring using test species such as "water fleas" or Daphnia species and fathead minnow larvae can more accurately depict the toxic effects of pollutants.
#|Bergman, H L.  New proposals for regulating metals in the aquatic environment: Geochemical, toxicological and physiological bases.  Andren, A W ; Bober, T W  (eds ).  REPORT NUMBER:  WISCU-W-96-001.  pp. 105-108, 1996.  Int. Conf. Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment.  Madison, WI (USA), 1996 Aug 25-28.  There is a growing consensus in the scientific and regulatory communities that a departure is needed from past empirical approaches for evaluating the toxicity of metals to aquatic organisms. New approaches show promise for linking organism responses to fundamental changes in the target tissue (e.g., gills of fish) and to the details of metal chemistry at the target tissue. Mathematical models of both the biological and chemical processes can be used to estimate the bioavailable metal concentration at the target tissue. The next steps required include further validation of these models in additional species, additional metals, and a range of water quality conditions, along with the incorporation of receiving water exposure models. These models would explicitly take into account what has been termed "bioavailability" and have the potential to be predictive across a wide range of environmental conditions. This approach marks a turning point in developing a mechanistically based, workable method for assessing the effects of metal exposure on aquatic organisms, and the method could lead to a more fundamental approach to regulatory decisions about metals in the aquatic environment. The proposed approach, including the geochemical, toxicological and physiological bases, will be summarized in this presentation.
#|Bergman, H. L.; MacRae, R. K.  New Approach to the Determination of Bioavailable Metals in Surface Waters.  (Final technical rept. 1 May 91-30 Apr 94).  Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Bolling AFB, DC. Report No.: AFOSR-TR-94-0655.  26 Sep 94, 49p.  Order this product from NTIS by: phone at 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers); (703)605-6000 (other countries); fax at (703)321-8547; and email at orders@ntis.fedworld.gov. Contract No.: AFOSR-91-0258; 3484; RS. The goal of this research was to develop analytical methods capable of determining the concentration of toxic (bioavailable) forms of copper in natural surface waters. The approach should also be applicable to other metals. The approach was: (1) to determine the apparent binding affinity of the gills of fish and other aquatic biota for copper using novel competition bioassay and copper residue accumulation techniques; and (2) to modify the performance of commercial cation exchange resins or synthesize custom-made cation exchange resins, to match the copper binding affinity of fish and other aquatic biota. Using a range of procedures, the apparent copper binding affinities (log of the Apparent Binding Affinity (ABA)) were determined for rainbow trout gills (6.4-7.2), brook trout gills (7.1-7.2), trout mucus (6.97.7), and Daphnia magna (6.6-8.1). Based on these results an acceptable value for log ABA would be 7.6 for cation-exchange chromatography procedures to measure the bioavailable fraction of copper.  Commercially available resins under a variety of conditions consistently had copper binding affinities that were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than the measured values for aquatic biota. Custom cation exchange resins were synthesized and yielded binding affinities closer to that of aquatic biota, but additional work is needed to standardize and validate this approach.  Bioavailability, Metals, Water quality, Copper, Aquatic biota, Toxicity, Fish.
#|Bermingham, S ; Maltby, L ; Cooke, R C.  Effects of a coal mine effluent on aquatic hyphomycetes. 1. Field study.  JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 1311-1321, 1996. The effect of a discharge from an abandoned coal mine on the structure and functioning of aquatic hyphomycete assemblages colonizing leaf material was investigated. The discharge resulted in elevated concentrations of iron, manganese, magnesium, calcium and nickel in the receiving water. The rate of processing of both alder and sycamore leaves was reduced downstream of the discharge. Measurements of oxygen uptake by microbes associated with leaf material indicated a lower activity at this station. This reduction in activity was particularly marked for the fungal assemblages associated with leaf material.  Scanning electron micrographs of leaf surfaces indicated that hyphal cover was also reduced on downstream-incubated leaf material. The observed reduction in fungal activity and hyphal cover below the mine discharge may have resulted from a change in species-specific fungal biomass and/or a change in the number of fungal species present.  Surveys indicated that the structure of the fungal assemblage was different below the discharge, with fewer species being recorded.  Results from this study therefore suggest that the reduction in leaf decomposition observed downstream of the mine discharge was due to a reduction in fungal activity associated with a change in species composition.
#|Bernardova, I., T.G.  Development of the Pollution of the River Morava Evaluated from Zoobenthic Communities.  Water Sci Technol  v29, n3, p29(7) 1994.  The river Morava in the Czech Republic is highly polluted, due to high population density, intensive agricultural production, and effluent discharges. An extensive biological monitoring system has been in effect for the river since the mid-1970s. The sampling points are located in areas of marked spatial changes in the water quality, but each point has been sampled only once every 3-4 yr since 1976, due to economic constraints. An overview of the sampling program is presented, including the development of a saprobic index and the use of mathematical models to extrapolate the limited data.
#|Bervoets, L ; Baillieul, M ; Blust, R ; De Boeck, G ; Verheyen, R.  Impact assessment of industrial effluents on freshwater ecosystems.  PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON ECOTOXICOLOGY. Sloof, W ; de Kruijf, H (eds ).  SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT vol. Suppl. Pts. 1-2 pp. 1123-1128, 1993.  European Conf. on Ecotoxicology: Amsterdam (Netherlands), 1992 May 11-15.  The classical way of deriving water quality criteria and monitoring the aquatic environment is not always protective for aquatic life. In this study the impact of an industrial effluent on a river was examined. The proposed method examines the effluent as a whole and takes into account the in-stream conditions of the receiving water, including the pollution already present. Existing techniques consisting of laboratory bioassays (acute and chronic) and field surveys, were combined. This combination made it possible: (1) to assess the actual effect of the effluent on the aquatic organisms (2) to discriminate between the effect of the individual discharge and the pollution already present and (3) to propose "safe" discharge levels.
#|Bervoets, L ; Baillieul, M ; Blust, R ; Verheyen, R.  Evaluation of effluent toxicity and ambient toxicity in a polluted lowland river.  ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 333-341, 1996.  The impact of an industrial effluent containing high loads of calcium, cadmium, lead chloride and sulphate, on a river ecosystem was assessed using a combination of an effluent toxicity test, an ambient toxicity test and an ecological survey. Only this combination of techniques made it possible to discriminate between the effects of the discharge and those of the background pollution. Each of the individual techniques detected essential effects which the other failed to reveal. With the physical and chemical measurements, important increases of several components were measured at all sampling sites downstream of the discharge. With the ecological survey, however, no large changes in water quality could be determined at the sampling sites, due to the high degree of pollution present upstream of the discharge.  Reproduction of Daphnia magna, exposed to sublethal effluent dilutions, was followed over two generations. The offspring of the first generation were shown to have an increased sensitivity to the effluent, compared to the first generation that was born from previously unexposed mothers. Besides the toxicity of the effluent, the acute and chronic toxicity of its main component, CaCl sub(2), was also determined. The results of the CaCl sub(2)-tests and toxicity data from literature for the suspected toxicants were transformed to Toxic Units (TU). Using the sum of the TUs we investigated the possibility of predicting effluent toxicity to Daphnia magna. Effluent toxicity was under-estimated by calculating the sum of the TUs of the individual components. Dilution of the effluent to a level at which the measured toxicant concentrations comply with European regulations still showed significant effects on Daphnia reproduction.
#|Besser, J. M.; Giesy, J. P.; Brown, R. W.; Buell, J. M.; Dawson, G. A.  Selenium bioaccumulation and hazards in a fish community affected by coal fly ash effluent.  Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety  vol. 35 (1):  p.7-15, 1996.  Selenium concentrations in tissues of fish from Pigeon River and Pigeon Lake, Lake Michigan, which receives Se input from a coal fly ash disposal facility, were examined in order to assess potential hazards to fish, wildlife and humans.  Se levels in fish from the vicinity of the fly ash disposal ponds were significantly greater than those upstream and were also greater than background Se levels in fish from the Great Lakes. Se levels in effluent from the ash pond to Pigeon River, and Se levels in springs and seeps near the ash ponds, exceed the water quality criterion for protection of aquatic life. Interspecific variation between fish species was greatest at the most contaminated sites. Limnetic species generally contained greater Se levels than benthic species. Se levels in fish from the lower Pigeon River and Pigeon Lake did not exceed lowest observable adverse effect concentrations (LOAEC) for tissue Se in fish species, but exceeded LOAEC for dietary Se exposure of sensitive species of birds and mammals.  The results suggest that human consumption of moderate quantities of fish from areas examined should not result in excessive Se intake.
#|BIANCHINI A, WASIELESKY W, & MIRANDA KC. (1996). TOXICITY OF NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS TO JUVENILES OF FLATFISH PARALICHTHYS ORBIGNYANUS.  BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, V56, N3, P453-459.  Boyer R., & Grue C.E.  The need for water quality criteria for frogs.  1995.  Environmental Health Perspectives;  103/4 (352-357).  Amphibians are considered reliable indicators of environmental quality. In the western United States, a general decline of frog populations parallels an apparent worldwide decline. The factors thought to be contributing to declines in frog populations include habitat loss, introduction of exotic species, overexploitation, disease, climate change, and decreasing water water quality. With respect to water quality, agroecosystems use 80-90% of the water resources in the western United States, frequently resulting in highly eutrophic conditions. Recent investigations suggest that these eutrophic conditions (elevated pH, water temperature, and un-ionized ammonia) may be associated with frog embryo mortality or malformations. However, water quality criteria for frogs and other amphibians do not currently exist. Here, we briefly review data that support the need to develop water quality parameters for frogs in agroecosystems and other habitats.
#|Bilby, Robert E.  Water quality monitoring in Washington's Timber/Fish/Wildlife program. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 26 (2-3):p249-262 1993.  Workshop on Improving Natural Resource ManagementThrough Monitoring Corvallis, Oregon, USA  March 10-11, 1992.
#|Birge, W J ; Shaw, J R ; Price, D J ; Kercher, M D ; Zuiderveen, J A.  Persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity of silver in freshwater systems.  Andren, A W ; Bober, T W  (eds ).  pp. 113-120, 1996.  Int. Conf. Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment.  Madison, WI: 1996 Aug 25-28.  A bioassessment study was conducted on the transport, fate and effects of silver and other metals in Big Bayou Creek in Western Kentucky. Results of environmental chemistry, effluent and ambient toxicity studies and ecological surveys were integrated to assess the effects of metal pollution. The stream system was a second to third order tributary of the Ohio River was of moderate gradient and was characterized by good habitat quality and frequent riffles, runs and pools. Sediment characteristics generally were comparable throughout the study area. The creek received four continuous and four intermittent effluent outfalls from a uranium enrichment plant. The discharge volume of the continuous effluent totaled 3.96 million gallons per day (MGD) and, in downstream order, included approximately 0.44 MGD for 009, 1.18 for 008, 0.71 for 006, and 1.63 for 001. The study area encompassed 10.7 stream km and included nine stream monitoring stations (BB1-BB9) and eight effluent monitoring points.  Water column residence time for metals calculated from the effluent 009 outfall were 0.65 hr, 1.2 hr, and 2.31 hr for downstream stations BB7, BB8 and BB9, respectively. The principal reference station (BB1) was 1.4 km upstream of the first effluent outfall (009). A nearby secondary reference station (BB2) also was located just upstream of effluent 009 and was used primarily for the collection of fish and macroinvertebrate taxa used for "sentinel monitoring" to characterize metal bioavailability. Ecological surveys included the collection of resident biota from all stream stations, including sites located downstream of each effluent. Ecological perturbation primarily affected macroinvertebrate populations. The latter were sampled in spring, summer, and fall of the first year of the study and annually thereafter for five years. Average results from the first two-years for total macroinvertebrate density and number of taxa are illustrated in Figure 1. Macroinvertebrate species richness and density were reduced perceptibly in the effluent receiving zone, amounting to losses of 33 and 77%, respectively. Abundance of mayfly taxa was reduced by more than 50% immediately below the 009 outfall. Multimetrics based on U.S. EPA Protocol III (Plafkin et al., 1989), were used to calculate bioassessment (BA) scores, which indicated moderate to substantial impact for stations BB3-BB7. Toxicological characterization of effluents and receiving waters was performed using chronic biomonitoring procedures with Ceriodaphnia dubia and the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas (Weber et al., 1989). Of approximately 300 on-site tests, 92 were conducted on the continuously flowing effluents that discharged into Big Bayou Creek. Significant toxicity was observed for effluent 008 50% of the time. Effluent 004, which tested positive in 100% of tests conducted, originated from a secondary waste treatment plant and entered 008 just prior to its entry into Big Bayou Creek upstream of station BB4. As discussed below, metal uptake in resident biota was highest at this station.
#|Birge-W.J.; Black-J.A.  In situ Acute/Chronic Toxicological Monitoring of Industrial Effluents for the NPDES Biomonitoring Program Using Fish and Amphibian Embryo-Larval Stages as Test Organisms. Final rept. Kentucky Univ., Lexington.  Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Water Enforcement and Permits. Sep 81. 135p. The Clean Water Act has necessitated further requirements and revisions in the industrial permit program maintained under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). It is now evident that in many cases the identification and control of toxic substances cannot be accomplished solely on the basis of an effluent guideline approach, emphasizing the need for reliable and economical procedures with which to quantify directly the net toxicity of complex effluents and estimate acute and chronic effects on aquatic biota. Therefore, the major objective of this investigation was to develop and evaluate fish and amphibian embryo-larval test procedures for the toxicogical characterization of municipal and industrial effluents.
#|Birkeland GH.  RIPARIAN VEGETATION AND SANDBAR MORPHOLOGY ALONG THE LOWER LITTLE COLORADO RIVER, ARIZONA.  Physical Geography. 17(6):534-553, 1996 Nov-Dec.  The distribution of riparian vegetation in relation to channel morphology is poorly understood in canyon rivers, which are characterized by in-channel fluvial sediment deposits rather than flood plains. This study focuses on vegetation and sandbar characteristics in two reaches of the lower Little Colorado River canyon in Arizona-one reach with ephemeral flow from the watershed, and another with perennial baseflow from a spring. Both reaches have been colonized by the exotic Tamarix chinensis, a riparian species known for its geomorphic influence on river channels. On the basis of a sampling of 18 bars, results show that vegetation frequency and density is significantly greater in the perennial study reach. However, sandbar morphology variables do not differ between reaches, despite a significantly narrower and deeper ephemeral channel. Hydraulic calculations of flood depths and Pearson correlations between bar and vegetation variables indicate reach-specific bio-geomorphic relationships. In the ephemeral reach, higher bars are less affected by flood inundation, support older vegetation, and may be more stable habitat for vegetation. In the wider perennial reach where bars are lower and more expansive, vegetation patterns relate to bar size, Tamarix being most common on the largest bars. Overall results suggest that (1) vegetation variation relates to baseflow hydrology, (2) bar formation relates to high discharge events, and (3) vegetation patterns respond to, rather than influence, sandbar form in this canyon riparian system.
#|Bishop, J H ; Canfield, D E ,Jr.  Water quality and aquatic macrophyte responses to natural and anthropogenic changes in the environment in Kings Bay, Crystal River, Florida.  LAKE AND RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT vol. 9, no. 2, p. 57, 1994. Kings Bay/Crystal River is located on the west coast of Florida, approximately 75 miles North of Tampa. Treated municipal effluent was removed from Kings Bay in March, 1992 in an attempt to reduce ambient nutrient concentrations (total phosphorus and total nitrogen) and the abundance of submersed aquatic plants. A tidal storm, which caused extensive flooding in the area, hit Kings Bay in March, 1993. Elimination of treated municipal effluent from Kings Bay did not significantly reduce total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations in Kings Bay. Pre-removal TP and TN concentrations were 36 mu g/L and 313 mu g/L, respectively. Post-removal concentrations were 30 mu g/L and 263 mu g/L, respectively. TP and TN concentrations were significantly reduce in Cedar Cove, the area of discharge. Pre-removal TP and TN concentrations in Cedar Cove were 106 mu g/L and 567 mu g/L, respectively. Post-removal concentrations were 30 mu g/L and 239 mu g/L, respectively. The March tidal storm elevated TP and TN concentrations above previously measured concentrations. TP concentrations were higher at each station and TN concentrations were higher at 16 out of 20 stations. The abundance of submersed vegetation, Hydrilla verticillata, Myriophyllum spicatum, Vallisneria americana, and Lyngbya sp., was reduced following the March Storm, but has increased in abundance in the summer of 1994, despite the removal of the treated municipal effluent.
#|Bissett, Lisa L. Field assessment of stream/aquifer interaction under semi-arid conditions and problems with computer representation.  1994. Thesis (M. Eng.)--Colorado School of Mines.  As the population increases and technological development grows in Colorado, problems with the appropriation of water are becoming more serious and common. Surface water rights are particularly difficult to obtain, so groundwater is becoming especially important to newcomers and entities with junior water rights. The relationship of groundwater use to stream discharge is well known, but difficult to quantify. Groundwater models have attempted to address the problem, but while some promising new codes have been developed, they have not been adequately tested and are not generally used. A field area in Golden, Colorado containing a small, ephemeral stream was studied with the aim of specifying problems associated with the modeling codes used in the area of stream/aquifer interaction. Field data describing the streamflow, streambed hydraulic conductivity, aquifer hydraulic conductivity and aquifer hydraulic heads were available, and data regarding streambed and aquifer geometries were collected. The scale and types of data collected were chosen to obtain information regarding flow and gradients across and surrounding the stream boundary. This information was used to construct and calibrate a MODFLOW groundwater flow model. MODFLOW mathematically models a three dimensional area in steady state or transient modes. The area is discretized into a three dimensional grid to which boundary conditions are set on all sides. Each grid cell is assigned parameter values. The model calculates the hydraulic head and the flow into and out of each grid cell. The Streamflow Routing Package was used as the stream module in MODFLOW. This package is more an accounting program, tracking the flow in streams interacting with the groundwater, than a true surface-water flow model. It allows the user to specify the stream stage or to have the code determine the stream stage. This second option is an improvement on the original MODFLOW river module. The original module used constant stream stages; it calculated the seepage between the groundwater system and the stream, but did not allow the stream stage to vary in response seepage.
#|Bitton G. Rhodes K. Koopman B.  CerioFAST: An acute toxicity test based on Ceriodaphnia dubia feeding behavior.  Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry 15(2). 1996. 123-125. We have developed a rapid acute toxicity test (CerioFAST) based on suppression of feeding activity of Ceriodaphnia dubia in the presence of toxicants. The bioassay consists of a 1-h exposure period to a given toxicant. Yeast cells, stained with a fluorescent dye, are added 20 min before the end of the exposure period. Response to a toxic sample is indicated by the absence of fluorescence in the gut of the daphnids. CerioFAST was compared to the standard 48-h C. dubia acute bioassay, using heavy metals and organic compounds.  CerioFAST EC50s of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ag, Zn, and carbofuran were in the 0.01-0.1-mg/L range, whereas EC50s of hexachloroethane, pentachlorophenol, trichlorophenol, and lindane were in the 1-10-mg/L range. CerioFAST EC50s of the heavy metals and organics were well correlated with EC50s obtained with the 48-h C. dubia bioassay.
#|Bitton,-G.; Rhodes,-K.; Koopman,-B.; Cornejo,-M.  Short-term toxicity assay based on daphnid feeding behavior. WATER-ENVIRON.-RES. 1995  vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 290-293.  A rapid acute toxicity assay based on feeding behavior of Ceriodaphnia dubia was developed and evaluated. Feeding behavior was observed by staining yeast cells with a nontoxic stain (DTAF), which fluoresces under epifluorescent illumination, feeding the stained yeast to daphnids after they were exposed to toxicants for 6 hours, and observing the uptake of yeast by the daphnids. The endpoint of the test is the presence or absence of fluorescence in the daphnid gut. An exposure time of 6 hours was utilized so that the test could be completed in one working day. The 6-hour feeding activity suppression assay was compared with the standard 48-hour acute bioassay for determining the toxicity of selected heavy metals, organic compounds, and industrial effluent samples. The EC sub(50)s of pure compounds obtained via the 6-hour and 48-hour tests were well correlated (P < 0.05). EC sub(50)s of industrial wastewaters obtained via the two tests were also correlated at the same level of significance. The 6-hour feeding activity suppression assay was generally more sensitive than the 48-hour acute bioassay.
#|Bleckmann, C A ; Rabe, B ; Edgmon, S J ; Fillingame, D.  Aquatic toxicity variability for fresh- and saltwater species in refinery wastewater effluent.  ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 1219-1223.  1995.  The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established test equirements for toxicity reduction or toxicity identification evaluations (TR/TIE) of wastewater effluents. Interpretations of test results are complicated by factors other than toxicity when essentially freshwater wastewaters flow into estuaries and the effluent permit requires marine organisms for testing. This paper reports the results of an investigation of potential freshwater surrogate species, and Microtox registered , for use in such a TIE. Of the five species tested, mysid shrimp were found to be most sensitive to unidentified toxicants in petroleum refinery wastewater. No strong correlations of this sensitivity to that of other organisms, or to several wastewater constituents, were identified. The two marine species specified in the effluent permit were more sensitive to the toxicants than were the freshwater species.
#|Bodaly, R A ; Rudd, J W M ; Flett, R J.  Effect of urban sewage treatment on total and methyl mercury concentrations in effluents.  FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: MERCURY AS GLOBAL POLLUTANT, 1996 Aug 4-8.  Hamburg (Germany): Kluwer Academic Publishers.  Rudd, J W M ; Gilmour, C C ; Bodaly, R A  (eds ).  BIOGEOCHEMISTRY vol. 40, no. 2-3 pp. 279-291, 1998.  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sewage treatment on total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in domestic effluents and the contribution of urban sewage treatment facilities to THg and MeHg in rivers. We determined the concentrations of THg and MeHg in unfiltered samples of untreated and treated domestic sewage from the three treatment facilities and receiving river water within the City of Winnipeg. The concentrations of THg in the Red and Assiniboine rivers ranged from 3-31 ng/L. THg was related positively to suspended sediment concentrations in the rivers.  The concentrations of MeHg in these rivers were usually 0.2-0.3 ng/L. THg concentrations in raw sewage varied widely, from 2-150 ng/L. Treatment removed an average of 88% of this mercury. MeHg concentrations in raw sewage were 0.5-4.3 ng/L, however, after treatment at two treatment facilities, MeHg was greatly reduced, usually to 0.1-0.4 ng/L. Most treated sewage, therefore, had MeHg concentrations that were similar to levels in the receiving rivers and the effect of discharged effluent was usually a change of about 2% or less on concentrations in the rivers. However, one of the facilities (the West End plant) was discharging higher concentrations of MeHg, up to 2 ng/L, causing calculated increases of up to 11% in the concentration of MeHg in the Assiniboine River.
#|Bonner-LA; Diehl-WJ; Altig-R.  Physical, chemical and biological dynamics of five temporary dystrophic forest pools in central Mississippi. Hydrobiologia. 1997, 353: 77-89.  Five temporary forest pools at Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge, Mississippi, USA, were surveyed monthly for three years to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of temporary aquatic habitats. The objective of this study was to characterize the physicochemical and biological changes in temporary pools in order to assess the temporal habitat diversity. These ecosystems, all within no more than 4 km of one another, were heterotrophic with a detrital-based food web derived from allochthonous leaf litter from the surrounding mixed forest. The pools were chosen because of their close proximity to one another, they historically filled and dried seasonally, and they were known breeding sites for resident amphibian populations. Only 47% of the amphibian cohorts inhabiting the pools appeared to thrive and metamorphose prior to pool desiccation. Successful development and dispersal of larvae was variable among pools and years. The pool filling cycles differed among habitats and physiochemical and biological parameters were highly variable. The data suggest that ephemeral pools in this central piedmont region of Mississippi are each unique and represent habitats of low predictability for amphibian breeding and success. It is concluded that it is erroneous to draw generalizations regarding a 'typical' temporary pool ecosystem within this region.
#|Borchardt, Dietrich, Sperling, Frank. Urban Stormwater Discharges: Ecological Effects on Receiving Waters and Consequences for Technical Measures. Water Sci Technol  v36, n8-9, p173(6), 1997.  In central Europe, 30-50 sewer overflow events occur each year, lasting from one to several hours each. The data show that the short-term and delayed impacts of stormwater runoff are caused by site-specific parameters, which are also seen for overflows. In order to protect receiving waters from the adverse effects of stormwater runoff and overflows, critical combinations of receiving-water properties and urban-catchment properties need to be evaluated. A screening method is outlined for identifying these parameters, which considers chemical constituents, and hydraulic disturbances related to bed-sheer stress that exceed the frequencies and levels of natural conditions. Both criteria are combined into a problem-solving decision-making scheme that focuses on keyreceiving-water problems, such as a decrease in species abundance and/or population densities.
#|Borton, D L ; Streblow, W R ; Bradley, W K ; Bousquet, T ; Van Veld, P A; Wolke, R E ; Walsh, A H.  Survival, growth, production and biomarker responses of fish exposed to high-substitution bleached kraft mill effluent in experimental streams. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND EFFECTS OF PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS.  Servos, M R ; Munkittrick, K R ; Carey, J H ; van der Kraak, G J (eds ). pp. 473-481, 1996.  International Conference on Environmental Fate and Effects of Bleached Pulp Mill Effluents.  Vancouver, British Columbia (Canada), 1994 Nov 6-10.  ST. LUCIE PRESS: DELRAY BEACH, FL.  Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) were exposed to a high-substitution bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) at 0, 4 and 8% by volume in experimental streams for 263 d. The total production of all fish from the 8% effluent was nearly double the production in other streams, and the production of the four fish species in the stream receiving 4% effluent was very similar to the production in the two control streams. Fish were evaluated using several biomarkers (EROD, P450IA, hematocrit, leucocrit, condition factor, LSI, SSI) and histopathology but elevated liver P450IA content and EROD activity were the only responses that could be concluded to be caused by effluent exposure. The large number of significant differences between biomarkers of fish from the two controls or between an effluent exposure and only one of the two controls limited the interpretation of other biomarkers. Since the survival, growth and production of fish with elevated liver P450IA and EROD activity were not adversely affected by the effluent, these biomarkers did not correspond to the population level parameters measured in this study.
#|Botterweg, J ; Risselada, J.  Environmental Flows in New South Wales - What is the Aim and What Might They Look Like. Poster Papers, 15th Federal Convention, Australian Water and Wastewater Association, Volume 4, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, April 18-23, 1993, p 926-931. Australian Water and Wastewater Association. Water extractions reduce streamflows. The time relocation effect of flow regulation is also important as dams allow flood water or seasonal peaks in river flows to be stored for later use at times of naturally low flow. Thus the seasonality of high and low flows may be subdued or even reversed and flood frequencies drastically lowered. The detrimental effect of regulation on natural stream ecology has been obvious for many years. Although numerous methods exist for determining the environmental flows which supply systems must provide, many of these models and analytical procedures are unsuitable for thevariable and erratic hydrology of Australia's rivers. This paper outlines the current approach to environmental flow management in New South Wales and particularly shows how this can be viewed as an exercise in risk management in the same way as many other water management decisions.
#|Botterweg, J ; Risselada, J.  Toxicity assessment of effluents in the Netherlands: Implementation, problems and prospects.  PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON ECOTOXICOLOGY.  Sloof, W ; de Kruijf, H  (eds ).  SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT vol. Suppl. Pts. 1-2 pp. 1105-1113.  1993.  2. European Conf. on Ecotoxicology, Amsterdam (Netherlands).  1992 May 11-15.  For many years ecotoxicologists worldwide have been working on the implementation of their knowledge in the hazard assessment of industrial effluents. Chemical analyses and risk assessment of complex effluents are often problematic. Among ecotoxicologists there is little doubt about the usefulness of toxicity tests or toxicity data as complementary tools to the routine chemical risk assessment and control. In the Netherlands the use of aquatic toxicity data from the literature is now being incorporated into a scheme for the risk assessment of effluents when granting consent-to-discharge (permit) effluents. Despite the potential advantages of the use of toxicity tests in whole-effluent-toxicity assessments, they are used infrequently in the Netherlands. An analysis has been made of the possible causes of the delay in implementation of ecotoxicological knowledge and tools in the hazard assessment of effluents in the Netherlands.
#|Bowie, George L.; Sanders, James G.; Riedel, Gerhardt F.; Gilmour, Cynthia C.; Breitburg, Denise L.; Cutter, Gregory A.; Porcella, Doald B.  Assessing Selenium Cycling and Accumulation in Aquatic Ecosystems.  Water Air Soil Pollut  v90, n1-2, p93(12) Jul 96.  A joint experimental research and modeling study was conducted to develop a methodology for assessing selenium toxicity in aquatic ecosystems. The aim was to find how the various Se forms are accumulated by organisms, and what roles organisms play in biogeochemical cycling. In the research phase, both laboratory studies and field experiments were conducted, designed to compare the results of Se uptake, transfer, and transformation from laboratory experiments to similar results from actual ecosystems. The experimental data are presented, which were used to develop biogeochemical and food-web transfer models. The models are illustrated by application to the Hyco Reservoir, a power-plant-cooling reservoir in North Carolina that experienced fishery declines during the mid-1970s as a result of Se contamination from ash-pond effluents. Examination of the modeling results show that the model adequately predicts Se exposure and food-web accumulation, and follows the important biogeochemical processes controlling the fate of Se loading to lakes. The lower trophic levels are shown to bioconcentrate Se several orders of magnitude above the concentrations in water and to respond much more quickly to changing Se concentrations than benthos and fish.
#|Boyer, Robin; Grue, Christian E. The Need for Water Quality Criteria for Frogs.  Environ Health Perspec  v103, n4, p352(6), Apr 95.  Amphibians are considered reliable indicators of environmental quality, as all life stages are susceptible to dermal absorption of toxicants in water. Ingestion of contaminated prey is also a potential pathway for toxicants to enter amphibians. The factors contributing to the decline of frog populations are identified, including habitat loss, overexploitation, disease, climate change, and deteriorating water quality. The alterations in water quality have been attributed to acidification, contaminants in agroecosystems in the western US, and eutrophication. Currently, no water-quality criteria exist for amphibians in the US. Consequently, tolerance limits for amphibians need to be determined and compared with existing criteria for fishes and human health in light of the declines in the quantity and quality of water and amphibian populations in many areas of the US.
#|Bradbury, S., Nolt, C., Goodman, B., Stromborg, K., & Sullivan, J.  Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative Criteria Documents for the Protection of Wildlife (PROPOSED): DDT, Mercury 2,3,7,8-TCDD and PCBs.  Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of the Assistant Administrator for Water.  Apr 93, 56p. The document outlines, for each category of contaminant listed in the title, the relevant literature, the calculation of mammalian wildlife value, the calculation of Avian Wildlife Value, and the Great Lakes Wildlife criterion.
#|Bradley Brian P; Gonzalez Carole M; Bond Jayne-Anne; Tepper Bruce E.  Complex mixture analysis using protein expression as a qualitative and quantitative tool.  Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry  13 (7):p1043-1050 1994.  Some proteins in organisms exposed to chemicals in stressful amounts or toxic concentrations show increased expression; others show decreased expression. These inducible and repressible proteins together potentially provide qualitative and quantitative diagnoses of components in complex mixtures of chemicals. We examined sets of proteins synthesized by Daphnia magna after exposure to mixtures of a cationic polyamide epichlorhydrin adduct (Kymene) and a combined assortment of water extractable substances from chemithermal-mechanical pulp (CTMP) in lab water. Proteins were identified, after extracting from Daphnia magna, by gel filtration and silver staining, or by radiolabeling and then gel separation. Patterns of proteins induced by Kymenee and by CTMP extracts were distinguishable in lab water, but there was interaction between them. The method of identifying and quantifying Kymene, however, was successful using lab simulations of mixtures. The method was tested using wastewater samples from a paper manufacturing plant. Kymene could be detected against variable levels and types of additional substances. But, again, there was interference, perhaps due to Kymene binding to other anionic polymers sometimes present in the samples. Interpretations from analyses of protein expression were consistent with results from sublethal Ceriodaphnia dubia assays.
#|Brady D; Letebele B; Duncan J R; Rose P D.  Bioaccumulation of metals by Scenedesmus, Selenastrum and Chlorella algae.  Water S A (Pretoria)  20 (3):p213-218 1994.  Three species of algae were investigated for their ability to accumulate metal ions. Scenedesmus, Selenastrum and Chlorella species were found to be capable of accumulating metals such as Cu-2+, Pb-2+, and Cr-3+ with 67 to 98% efficiency. Although Chlorella was less capable of accumulating these cations than the other two organisms, it possessed a greater capacity for the Cr-2O-7-2- anion. A suspension of Selenastrum was used to accumulate Cr-3+ from a sample of post-anaerobic digester tannery effluent. The algae removed 39% of the chromium from solution.  The rate of metal (Cu-2+, Pb-2+, Cr-3+) accumulation by Scenedesmus was rapid, occurring in the first 4 min. Of the 4 metals investigated, Cu-2+, Cr-3+, Pb-2+ and Cr-2O-7-2-, the former 2 were more toxic to the algae than the latter two.
#|Brasher, Anne M.; Ogle, R. Scott.  ComparativeToxicity of Selenite and Selenate to the Amphipod Hyalella azteca.  Arch Environ Contam Toxicol  v24, n2, p182(5) Feb 93. The comparative toxicity of two selenium forms to the amphipod Hyalella aztecia is reported. Selenite proved two to four times more toxic th