Aquatic nuisance species (ANS) are a growing problem in Arizona. This document is an important step in the coordinated response to the problem and serves as an efficient means of communicating the scope of activities necessary to effectively address the issue. Several projects across the state have focused on isolated ANS plant and animal problems. The purpose of the Arizona State Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan is to provide guidance on management actions to address the prevention, control and impacts of unwanted nonindigenous aquatic nuisance species that have invaded or may invade Arizona.

State, federal and international ANS authorities and programs are briefly discussed to provide an understanding of our current ability to regulate and manage ANS. The development of a state management plan, as called for in Section 1204 of the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-646) (NANPCA) provides an opportunity for federal cost-share support for implementation of the plan. Approval of this management plan by the national Aquatic Nuisance Species (ANS) Task Force is also required for Arizona to be eligible for federal cost-share support. Freshwater nonindigenous species that are known to have been found in Arizona are listed. Very little is known about the impact of many nonindigenous species and some have high commercial, recreational and aesthetic values. The plan identifies a small number of priority nonindigenous ANS that are considered to be highly detrimental, and worthy of immediate or continued management action. The management actions outlined in this plan concentrate on these priority species.

The goal of this plan is as follows:

To fully implement a coordinated strategy designed to prevent new unintended introductions of nonindigenous aquatic nuisance species into the Colorado River and inland waters of the state, to limit the spread of established populations of nonindigenous aquatic nuisance species into uninfested waters of the state, and to abate harmful ecological, economic, social and public health impacts resulting from infestation of nonindigenous aquatic nuisance species.

Section 1204 requires that this management plan "identifies those areas or activities within the state, other than those related to public facilities, for which technical and financial assistance is needed to eliminate or reduce the environmental, public health and safety risks associated with aquatic nuisance species." This plan focuses on the identification of feasible, cost-effective management practices and measures to be taken on by state and local programs to prevent and control ANS infestations in a manner that is environmentally sound. The three main goals identified in the plan are structured to be achieved through the implementation of strategic actions and tasks designed to solve specific problems. The plan will be periodically revised and adjusted based upon the practical experience gained from implementation, scientific research, and new tools, as they become available.

The implementation table summarizes the plan’s funding from all sources. Implementing the programs outlined in this plan will require a coordinated tribal, Federal, State and private effort, and the dedication of significantly greater funding than is currently available.

The introduction of non-indigenous aquatic nuisance species (ANS) into the lower Colorado River and the inland waters of Arizona threatens the ecological integrity of the state’s water resources, as well as economic, public health and social conditions within our state. Because they have few natural controls in their new habitat, ANS spread rapidly, destroying native plant and animal habitat, damaging recreational opportunities, lowering property values, clogging waterways, and impacting irrigation and power generation. The coordinated efforts contained within this plan are designed to protect the citizens of Arizona from the multitude of losses associated with ANS animals and plants. This plan focuses on eliminating the threat of accidental ANS introductions. The intentional introduction of nonindigenous species for aquaculture, commercial, or recreational purposes is addressed to insure that these beneficial introductions do not result in accidental ANS introductions, and to improve information sharing among those agencies responsible for regulating intentional introductions.

The introduction of nonindigenous species is not a new phenomenon in Arizona. Numerous species are causing or threaten to cause significant problems throughout the state, from the Colorado River on the north and the west to the San Francisco Drainage on the east, and in many of the reservoirs created in between. It is likely that nonindigenous species will continue to cause problems and damage across the state of Arizona. The reasons for this are obvious. With its many reservoirs and warm weather, Arizona is a popular vacationing spot for boaters from the East. This opens an easy method of transfer, especially for species such as the dreaded Zebra Mussel, which has not yet established in the state, but has been found on boats that have crossed the state from the east. For decades, sport fishing has brought numerous nonindigenous fish species into the state, from the eastern states and abroad. While restrictions now prohibit intentional introductions of many species, unintentional and illegal introductions will remain a concern. The growing aquaculture industry in the state as well as aquarium trade and backyard water gardening has brought many tropical aquatic species from around the world which easily become established in the warm climate that Arizona has yearlong. The alteration of Arizona watersheds with the building of reservoirs has altered the riparian habitat in many areas of the state, often in ways that favor nonindigenous species over those native and often endemic to the state.

The potential for significant additional appears great for Arizona. Various new species seem to be poised to enter Arizona without the establishment of proper prevention methods. Having eradicated the growth of purple loosestrife that occurred in the 1980s, Arizona is the lone state out of the continental US to not have an established population of the weed. Giant salvinia has invaded portions of the lower Colorado, but has not become established in any reservoirs that provide water to the majority of the state. Zebra mussels have been found on trailered boats entering California after crossing the state, but none have become established in state waters. Each of these species has the potential to cause costly environmental, ecological, agricultural and industrial impacts. If any of these non-indigenous species would become established in the reservoirs that feed the extensive canal system in Arizona, the impact on water users across the state could be widespread. These canals could provide a rapid means of transport to waters across the state, and the cost would be immense to eradicate invaders such as mussel and plants that may plug water intakes and pumping stations. Arizona therefore is in a unique position to focus efforts on prevention of several of these species that have caused losses in the millions of dollars for control.

Numerous ANS have been introduced and dispersed in the Colorado River and the inland waters of Arizona by various pathways. The environmental and socioeconomic costs resulting from ANS infestation will only continue to rise with further successful ANS introductions. Although an awareness of the problems caused by ANS is emerging, the solutions to these problems are not readily apparent. This comprehensive state management plan for nonindigenous ANS provides guidance on management actions to prevent, control and limit the impacts of ANS that have invade or may invade the Colorado River basin and inland waters.

Arizona’s ANS Management Plan will be reviewed and revised annually, or more frequently if necessary. New ANS threats can arrive unexpectedly. Advances in our knowledge of ANS management techniques could warrant alterations in our management strategies. The specific tasks employed to accomplish our goals and objectives must remain flexible to assure efficiency and effectiveness. This version of the Arizona State ANS Plan is a good first step towards identifying and integrating existing ANS programs, and implementing new programs, but future editions will be necessary to fully accomplish our goal.
 
 

This section provides a brief discussion of non-indigenous species authorities and programs in Arizona State, as well as federal law and international agreements. Arizona State laws relating to non-indigenous species cannot be discussed without a basic understanding of federal and international authorities. The policies regarding non-indigenous species are controlled and enforced by a network of regulatory agencies and organizations. Not all state and federal laws relating to ANS are included in this section of the plan.

State and local efforts play a large role in controlling the spread of non-indigenous species. States have authority to decide which species can be imported and/or released. However, the United States Constitution vests the power to regulate international and interstate commerce to Congress. Federal law may preempt state law, but states retain almost unlimited power to define which species are imported and/or released. The state of Arizona currently has a number of statutory and regulatory authorities with which it addresses or potentially can address the issue of prevention and control of nonindigenous ANS. Additional information on regulated pathways of introduction for non-indigenous species can be found in Appendix D.

Arizona Animal Programs and Regulations

Currently the state restrictions concerning the regulation of non-indigenous animals are based on the movement of wildlife, especially when fishing. R12-4-313 and R12-4-316 both deal with the transport of baitfish, while R12-4-401 lists a number of restricted species, in regard to their movement and sale. This restricted list deals with many non-indigenous species, while R12-4-406 specifically lists the zebra mussel as restricted.

Arizona Plant Programs and Regulations

Few restrictions exist concerning the control of plants, especially aquatic plants in Arizona. R3-4-244 lists regulated and restricted noxious weeds that are present in the state and are being monitored or controlled. R3-4-245 lists prohibited noxious weeds that may not be transported into the state. Both of these laws include several threatening ANS. 3-205.01 gives the jurisdiction to control noxious weeds to the Arizona Department of Agriculture. This includes the right to quarantine areas, to call on land-owners to control noxious weeds and to update the noxious weeds list as necessary.

Current Known Gaps in Arizona State programs

All the state regulations and laws have been developed over time in response to individual target species and a variety of concerns as they arose. Therefore, there is not currently a comprehensive, coordinated and vigorously enforced policy framework to deal with problem species and their impacts. Clearly, one task must be to identify gaps within the state’s policies and statutes and to develop recommendations for improvements. Such improvements may entail developing new legislation and regulations, revising existing authorities, and developing methods for improving enforcement, coordination, and information dissemination regarding new or existing authorities.

Federal Regulations

The current federal effort regarding the management of ANS is a patchwork of laws, regulations, policies, and programs. At least twenty agencies currently work at researching and controlling non-indigenous species. The Federal Agencies Table in Appendix D outlines the responsibilities of a number of these government agencies and summarizes their current role in the control of introduced species.

Federal laws which apply directly to the introduction of non-indigenous species include the Lacey Act, the Federal Noxious Weed Act, the Federal Seed Act, the Non-indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990, and the National Invasive Species Act of 1996. (The full text of these laws will not be included in this report.) The Endangered Species Act could also have indirect application if an ANS was shown to threaten the survival of a federally listed species, such as the humpback chub.

International Agreements

• In addition to state and federal regulations, a number of international agreements address the issure of non-indigenous aquatic species. Several other international treaties and plans call for safeguards against the spread of ANS. Some of these include: The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in which Article XX (b) Acknowledges the need for parties to protect themselves from harmful exotic species. This article legitimizes trade restraints, such as quarantine regulations, that are necessary to protect the life or health of humans, animals, or plants;
• The International Plant protection convention (1972), covering agricultural pests;
• The International Convention on Biological Diversity (signed 1993, but not yet ratified by the U.S. Senate) which contains a provision to control, eradicate, or prevent the introduction of those alien species that threaten ecosystems, habitats, or species: The Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1973); The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1975); The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1985)(especially involved with waterfowl habitat); and The Convention on Nature protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere (1942).

A growing number of non-indigenous aquatic plant and animal species have adversely impacted the productivity and biodiversity of Arizona’s native species, and altered a variety of aquatic ecosystems. Most introductions are the result of human activities. There are many ways organisms may be transported. Major pathways through which nonnative species are introduced into inland and coastal waterways include aquaculture, aquarium trade, biological control (shoreline stabilization, agricultural uses), transport via recreational boating and fishing, research activities, and movement of nonnative species through channels and canals. Some pathways, such as the aquaculture industry, are currently regulated to minimize the risk of new ANS introductions, while other pathways have developed few or no precautions. Additional information regarding regulated pathways is listed in Appendix D.

Threatened Impact of Non-Indigenous Species

Potential threats may be evidenced by the degree of negative impact these species have upon the environment, industry and the economy. Negative impacts include:

• loss of biodiversity;
• threaten ESA listed species like the desert pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius) and the Gila topminnow (Poeciliopsis occidentalis);
• change estuary ecology;
• alterations in nutrient cycling pathways;
• decreased habitat value of infested water;
• threaten aquaculture production;
• decreased water quality;
• stunted fish populations due to dense biomass of introduced species;
• decreased recreational opportunities;
• increased safety concerns for swimmers;
• increased costs of canal maintenance;
• decrease in property values;
• fouled water intakes;
• frequently burned out irrigation pumps;
• impacts on power generation;
• increased risk of flooding due to increased biomass in water or clogging lake outlets;
• impeded water flow and interference with efficiency of water delivery systems.

Freshwater Animals and Plants

A draft list of freshwater non-indigenous animals in Arizona is included in Appendix B. The list is incomplete, since there is little published information non-indigenous aquatic species in Arizona. Currently, more funding and research is needed regarding the management and control of ANS animals. The freshwater ANS animals which are presently of most concern for Arizona include:

The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) has not been found in Arizona waters to date, but it is considered to be a priority species due to the degree of impact it has had in the Great Lakes region to date, and with regards to its rapid westward spread. Zebra mussels have been found on trailered boats at Lake Pleasant and on boats that had crossed Arizona and were entering California.

Several other species of concern are those that could be spread by the pet trade that are native to warm areas and are injurious to humans. These species include piranha, alligators, snapping turtles and electric eels.

More detailed information on these priority species is included in Appendix C.

Invasive and aggressive non-indigenous freshwater weeds pose a serious threat to Arizona State waters. Several non-indigenous freshwater species are currently present in Arizona. Some cause serious problems; the impacts of others are still yet to be determined. The freshwater non-indigenous plant species found in Arizona are listed in Appendix C, along with information on pathways of introduction, more detailed information on priority plant species and their impacts.

Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa), and Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) are priority freshwater submersed species in Arizona.

Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a priority emergent species that has spread throughout the continental US, but has not yet become established in Arizona. We have the opportunity to work to exclude this ecosystem altering invader from our state. Saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) is another priority emergent species that is rapidly taking over riparian areas around the state.

Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) is a priority floating plant that is currently found only in the Lower Colorado River. This aquatic fern has had major impacts to slow moving waters in the southeast as well as around the world.

Priorities for Action

The purpose of the Arizona State Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan is to coordinate all ANS management actions currently in progress within Arizona, and to identify and provide funding for additional ANS management actions, especially those relating to priority ANS plants and animals. This plan focuses on the priority species identified below, but the major focus will be to develop and implement new programs designed to prevent or control the introduction of the zebra mussel and the spread of Salvinia molesta. Arizona is currently lacking projects for preventing and controlling ANS animals.

Priority Species

Non-indigenous species considered to be priority species and worthy of immediate or continued management action include:

• zebra mussel (Dreissina polymorpha);
• hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata);
• Brazilean elodea (Egeria densa);
• parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum);
• purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria);
• giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta)
• water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes);

Management Actions

1. the introduction of the nonindigenous species transported from water bodies from other parts of the continent or world;
2. the spread of a reproducing ANS population, once establishes, within a waterway or to other water bodies; and
3. the colonization of ANS populations within water bodies, including the harmful impacts resulting from colonization.

Goal I: Preventing new and unintended introductions of nonindigenous aquatic nuisance species into the Colorado River and Arizona’s inland waters.
 

Goal II: Limiting the spread of established populations of nonindigenous aquatic nuisance species into uninfested waters of the state.
 

Goal III: Abating harmful ecological, economic, social and public health impacts resulting from infestation of nonindigenous aquatic nuisance species.

Note, all italicized sections describe actions in progress.
 
 

Goal I:

Problem:

Strategic Action IA: In partnership with cooperators, develop state-specific and regional listings of aquatic nuisance species that have the potential to infest Arizona’s waters. As part of this cooperative effort, identify existing and potential transport mechanisms that facilitate new ANS introductions.

Task IA1: Research and/or support research on the movement of aquatic nuisance species on a continental scale, and use findings to help predict potential ANS invasions into Arizona waters.

Strategic Action IB: Establish inter-jurisdictional approaches to facilitate legislative, regulatory and other actions needed for the prevention of new ANS introductions to Arizona’s waters.

Task IB1: Establish and support coalitions among cooperators, including ANS officials from the state and federal natural resource agencies, tribal groups, recreational boater and angler groups and other concerned resource users. Assist coalitions in promoting federal legislation and programmatic support for the prevention of new ANS introductions in the region/state.

Task IB2: Establish and support an inter-jurisdictional process to ensure compatibility and consistency between states and federal agencies.

Formed interagency committees on Salvinia molesta control, ANS control through the Western Interior 100^th Meridian Plan.

Task IB3: Initiate and implement a regional approach through a regional weed management plan on Aquatic Nuisance Species to prevent new introductions of aquatic nuisance species into Arizona’s waters.

Strategic Action IC: Promulgate, publicize and enforce state legislation and regulations to prevent new ANS introductions into state waters.

Task IC1: Establish an interagency task force (with representation from public and private sectors) to develop regulations for state legislative consideration.

Task IC2: Develop and implement an outreach program that informs relevant groups of the regulations, their rational and compliance procedures.

Task IC3: Develop and implement enforcement programs.

Strategic Action ID: Develop/maintain monitoring programs to provide for early detection and prevention of infestations of aquatic nuisance species into unaffected watersheds.

Task ID1: Establish/participate in monitoring programs that emphasize partnerships between federal/state/local agencies; business/industry; academic institutions; and resource user groups. The feasibility of various technologies (e.g., Geographic Information Systems (GIS)) should be explored in designing such programs.

AZ is included in the 100^th Meridian GIS currently in process showing Zebra mussel monitoring and marking any outbreaks, with possibility of layering other ANS into the same GIS. USGS has noxious weed GIS in process with multiagency reporting that could include aquatic weeds

.

Strategic Action IE: Conduct or support research regarding management options that will help prevent new introductions of aquatic nuisance species into Arizona’s waters.

Task IE1: Assess the transport mechanisms potentially responsible for new ANS introductions into Arizona’s waters. Develop preventive action plans to interrupt pathways of introduction.

Strategic Action IF: Conduct an effective information/education program on the prevention of new ANS introductions in Arizona’s waters.

Task IF1: Identify the relevant Arizona user groups (i.e. aquaculture business, recreational boating/angler groups, bait and tackle establishments, state agency stocking programs, nursery and landscape trades, aquarium and ornamental ponds, etc.) and secure representation from each group on an advisory team that takes an active role in the development of the ANS state management plan.

Task IF2: Develop information/education strategies for resource user groups identified as playing a significant role in ANS introduction. Information/education efforts should focus on the practices that can help prevent ANS transport and introduction into Arizona’s waters. As part of information/education initiatives, identify, when appropriate, the need for a regulatory approach in the prevention of ANS introductions.

ANS information placed in AGFD Fishing and Boating regulations Fishing tournament managers including education on spread of ANS as a part of tournament activities. Noxious aquatic weeds included in herbicide applicators classes.

Task IF3: Establish monitoring/tracking programs to evaluate the effectiveness of information/education efforts.

Goal II:

Problem: The spread of established populations of nonindigenous aquatic nuisance species into uninfested state waters is largely via human activity, such as boat transfers, bait handling, water transport, and ornamental and landscape practices. Limiting the spread of such populations is problematic due to the numerous pathways of dispersal, the complex ecological characteristics associated with ANS populations, and the lack of feasible technology that is needed to limit the spread. Many public and private resource user groups are not aware of existing infestations of ANS in the Colorado river and its reservoirs, the Verde and Salt Rivers, and inland waters of Arizona, and why they cause priority problems locally, regionally and beyond. The probability of ANS spread to other waters can increase when resource user groups are not aware of how their routine activities can cause the dispersal of ANS into uninfested water bodies. An information/education program is needed to provide information on why the spread of ANS populations needs to be limited, how the ANS populations can be reduce, and also the value of a healthy aquatic ecosystem that supports a diverse native aquatic community. Information/education programming is also critical to strengthening public/private support for and statewide participation in ANS management strategies. It is also difficult to manage the spread of ANS since infestation frequently occurs in watersheds that occupy more than one state. Cooperation among states in the Colorado River watershed sharing ANS infested watersheds is needed to implement consistent management strategies that will effectively limit the spread of ANS populations.

Strategic Action IIA: Identify and prioritize aquatic nuisance species whose spread should be limited.

Task IIA1: Establish an advisory group, with representation from all stakeholders affected by the ANS problems in the state, to guide in the selection of aquatic nuisance species that merit management.

Task IIA2: Develop and implement a process to prioritize those aquatic nuisance species that merit management. (Note: An assessment of ANS impacts discussed under Goal III is recommended for this process. Also, a recommended resource to facilitate this prioritization process is the National Park Service publication, Handbook for Ranking Exotic Plants for Management and Control (see literature citations).)

Also note Arizona Department of Agriculture noxious weed laws divide weeds into three groups. Regulated noxious weeds are found within the state and are to be controlled to prevent further infestation or contamination. Restricted noxious weeds are found within the state and are to be quarantined to prevent further infestation or contamination. Prohibited noxious weeds are prohibited from entering Arizona and shippers must have a permit to transport them through the state.(Rules for abatement published in Arizona Administrative Code R3-4-243 and R3-4-245.

Strategic Action IIB: Monitor the spread of ANS determined to be a state priority.

Task IIB1: Design a monitoring program to provide information that will help in developing an effective strategy to limit the spread of selected ANS populations. A network approach, including federal/regional/state/local agencies, public/private groups and academic institutions, is recommended. Variables to monitor include population size, structure and range; rate of growth; type of habitat; distribution; impacts on native species; and economic and other impacts on human communities.

Basic boat monitoring for zebra mussels is being done in Glenn Canyon. Monitoring of lower Colorado River at least biannually by USFWS using established protocol.

Task IIB2: Develop identification materials for each aquatic nuisance species that is being monitored to facilitate participation of all stakeholders.

Informational pamphlets have been created for Eurasian water milfoil, hydrilla, Salvinia molesta, and zebra mussels. Signs warning of spread of ANS have also been created for placement at marinas, boat ramps and docks.

Strategic Action IIC: Develop and implement management strategies to limit the spread of each aquatic nuisance species determined to be a state priority.

Task IIC1: Based on identified dispersal pathways, develop voluntary and regulatory approaches to limit the spread of aquatic nuisance species. Also, identify the best available technology for each management strategy and include an environmental impact assessment, where necessary.

Glenn Canyon boat surveys. Tried voluntary boat checks along 100^th meridian, but with a low success rate Seminar for DPS employees encouraging random boat checks and increased awareness

.

Task IIC2: Implement a watershed approach to limit the spread of aquatic nuisance species within the state.

Task IIC3: Establish cooperative policies among the Colorado River Basin States sharing watersheds to limit the spread of ANS populations.

Strategic Action IID: Inform and educate the appropriate resource user groups on the management strategies needed to limit the spread of targeted ANS populations. To support this effort, the target groups should be informed on how the spread of aquatic nuisance species threatens the health of a diverse native aquatic community, and other harmful ANS impacts. Volunteer groups, such as lake associations and outdoor recreation groups, should be actively involved in these outreach efforts.

Task IID1: Assess existing ANS information/education programs (i.e., Sea Grant, cooperative extension, state natural resource agencies). Build on the strengths and address the weaknesses of these programs.

Task IID2: Identify pathways that disperse aquatic nuisance species (i.e., recreational boaters/anglers, commercial and sport fishers, bait handling, water transport, ornamental and landscape practices) and inform these groups on practices to help limit the spread. This outreach program should focus on changing the behavior of user groups to limit the spread of targeted ANS populations to Arizona’s waters.

Arizona Department of Agriculture has contacted several nurseries in the Phoenix area, bass tournament groups are cooperating, information in boating and fishing regulations as previously mentioned.

Task IID3: Coordinate with state and local programs to ensure, where appropriate, that public access projects and interpretive displays include information about aquatic nuisance species.

Bulletins on ADA website, UA extension website, informative pamphlets and signs are being dispersed.

Task IID4: Establish monitoring/tracking programs to evaluate the effectiveness of information/education efforts.

Strategic Action IIE: Promulgate, publicize and enforce state regulations to limit the spread of aquatic nuisance species within the state.

Task IIE1: Establish an interagency task force (with representation from public and private sectors) to develop regulations for state legislative consideration.

Task IIE2: Develop and implement an outreach program that informs relevant groups of the regulations and why they exist, and compliance procedures.

Task IIE3: Develop and implement enforcement programs.

ADA procedure: can eradicate restricted noxious weeds and charge land or commodity owners for the cost of treatment. Property liens can be imposed to recover cost.

Strategic Action IIF: Support/coordinate scientific research between state and federal agencies and academic institutions that investigate potential management strategies to limit the spread of ANS populations and associated environmental impacts.

Task IIF1: Prioritize research needs to help in establishing program structure.

Task IIF2: Conduct priority research, or promote the conduct of such research via federal research initiatives, academia or the private sector.

Research on use of Clearigate done in PVID drain, BOR Denver office also researching chemical use, USDA APHIS in CA testing weevil as biological control, UA to test use of grass carp and tilapia as biological control pending facilities inspection.

Task IIF3: Develop a technology transfer program to be used in distributing research findings.

Goal III:

Problem: The infestation of ANS in the Colorado River and inland state waters can alter or disrupt existing relationships and ecological processes. Without co-evolved parasites and predators, some nonindigenous aquatic species out-compete and even displace aquatic native plant or animal populations. As part of this process, the invading species can also influence to some extent the food webs, nutrient dynamics, and biodiversity of the ecosystems. To abate the ecological impacts of the invading organism, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms by which the species disrupts the natural balance of the ecosystem. The Colorado, Verde, and Salt Rivers and inland waters of Arizona provide valuable economic benefits for Arizona, some of which include potable water supplies, irrigation water, commercial and sport fisheries, recreational use, and water usage by manufacturers, industry and electric power companies. Some introduced ANS to the Colorado River Basin/state have provided economic benefits, such as those supporting the aquaculture business and sport fishing industry. However, several ANS have been found to cause adverse economic impacts. For instance, the Eurasian watermilfoil forms thick mats on the surface of water which can interfere with many types of water recreational activities, such as swimming and water skiing, as well as potentially clogging irrigation canals and water intakes.

Organisms invading the Colorado River Basin and inland state waters can threaten public health through the introduction of disease, concentration of pollutants, contamination of drinking water, and other harmful human health effects. An extensive abatement system for these ANS needs to be established to prevent human health problems from occurring in the waters of Arizona. These control strategies must also be designed so as not to cause significant environmental impacts.

Strategic Action IIIA: Assess the ecological, socio-economic and public health impacts of aquatic nuisance species in Arizona’s waters. Use this assessment as guidance to develop action levels that warrant implementation of control strategies (Note: Consult New York State's Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) management plan for a useful assessment of ANS impacts (i.e., beneficial, innocuous, nuisance, detrimental), which may helpful in determining action levels for control. Also, a recommended resource to facilitate this process is the National Park Service publication, "Handbook for Ranking Exotic Plant for Management and Control".

Task IIIA1: Identify and assess the damages of aquatic nuisance species that threaten the ecological health of Arizona’s ecosystems.

Task IIIA2: Identify and assess the damages of aquatic nuisance species that threaten public safety and/or human health of the state's residents.

Task IIIA3: Identify and assess economic costs for each aquatic nuisance species causing damage to water users.

CAP estimates that a zebra mussel infestation would increase operational and maintenance costs $4-5 million annually.

Strategic Action IIIB: Based on the above impact assessments, develop and implement control strategies, including physical, chemical and biological mechanisms, to eradicate or reduce populations of targeted aquatic nuisance species in the Colorado River and inland state waters (i.e., those aquatic nuisance species identified by the state as causing detrimental ecological, economic, social and/or public health impacts).

Task IIIB1: Establish protocols that will provide guidance in designing and implementing control strategies.

• The control strategy must not create problems greater than those related to the aquatic nuisance species itself;
• A control strategy must not have serious, long-term impacts to the environment or non-target organisms;
• There must be a need to control the aquatic nuisance species due to causing, or the potential of causing, adverse impacts;
• The control strategy must not reduce the human utilization of the water body (with the exception of those waters with special resource designation) or threaten human health;
• Control efforts should be directed against the areas significantly impacted, and not be broad and general in nature;
• The control strategy must have a reasonable likelihood of succeeding

Task IIIB3: Establish mechanism(s) to ensure that the control strategies developed and implemented by the state are done so in coordination with federal agencies, tribal authorities, local governments, inter-jurisdictional organizations and other appropriate entities (NANPCA, Section 1202).

Task IIIB4: Establish mechanism(s) to ensure that the control strategies are based on the best available scientific information and conducted in an environmentally sound manner (NANPCA, Section 1202).

Strategic Action IIIC: Conduct an information/education program providing information on ANS impacts and related control strategies. Utilize existing groups/programs responsible for information dissemination when appropriate.

Task IIIC1: Design programs targeting public agencies needed in promoting management action to abate impacts; user groups needed for effective control of targeted species; and communities that need to learn how to live with aquatic nuisance species problems.

Task IIIC2: Establish monitoring/tracking programs to evaluate the effectiveness of information/education efforts.

Accidental introduction: an introduction of non-indigenous aquatic species that occurs as the result of activities other than the purposeful or intentional introduction of the species involved, such as the transport of non-indigenous species in ballast water or in water used to transport fish, mollusks, or crustaceans for aquaculture or other purposes.

Aquatic nuisance species: a plant or animal species that threatens the diversity or abundance of native species, the ecological stability of infested waters, or commercial, agricultural, aquacultural, or recreational activities dependent on such waters. (Note: for the purposes of the State management plans, reference to an aquatic nuisance species will imply that the species is non-indigenous.)

Baitfish: fish species commonly sold for use as bait for recreational fishing.

Control: limiting the distribution and abundance of a species.

Cryptogenic species: a species that may or may not be indigenous to an area.

Ecological integrity: the extent to which an ecosystem has been altered by human behavior; an ecosystem with minimal impact from human activity has a high level of integrity; an ecosystem that has been substantially altered by human activity has a low level of integrity.

Ecosystem: the biological organisms in an ecological community and the non-living factors of the environment.

Environmentally sound: methods, efforts, actions, or programs to prevent introductions or to control infestations of ANS that minimize adverse environmental impacts. The impact of management actions should be less than the impact of the ANS.

Eradicate: the act or process of eliminating an aquatic nuisance species.

Exotic: (same as non-indigenous) any species or other variable biological material that enters an ecosystem beyond its historic range, including such organisms transferred from one county to another.

Intentional introduction: all or part of the process by which a non-indigenous species is purposefully introduced into a new area.

Non-indigenous species: any species or other variable biological material that enters an ecosystem beyond its historic range, including such organisms transferred from one country to another .

Pioneer infestation: a small ANS colony that has spread to a new area from an established colony.

Priority species: an ANS that is considered to be a significant threat to Washington waters and is recommended for immediate or continued management action to minimize or eliminate their impact.

Watershed: an entire drainage basin including all living and nonliving components

SEC. 1204. STATE AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES MANAGEMENT PLANS.

1. STATE OR INTERSTATE INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT PLANS.

1. IN GENERAL. -- After providing notice and opportunity for public comment, the Governor of each State may prepare and submit, or the Governors of the States and the governments of Indian Tribes involved in an interstate organization, may jointly prepare and submit –

1. a comprehensive management plan to the Task Force for approval which identifies those areas or activities within the State or within the interstate region involved, other than those related to public facilities, for which technical, enforcement, or financial assistance (or any combination thereof) is needed to eliminate or reduce the environmental, public health, and safety risk associated with aquatic nuisance species, particularly the zebra mussel; and
2. a public facility management plan to the Assistant Secretary for approval which is limited solely to identifying those public facilities within the State or within the interstate region involved for which technical and financial assistance is needed to reduce infestations of zebra mussels.

1. CONTENT. -- Each plan shall, to the extent possible, identify the management practices and measures that will be undertaken to reduce infestations of aquatic nuisance species. Each plan shall –

1. identify and describe State and local programs for environmentally sound prevention and control of the target aquatic nuisance species;
2. identify Federal activities that may be needed for environmentally sound prevention and control of aquatic nuisance species and a description of the manner in which those activities should be coordinated with State and local government activities;
3. identify any authority that the State (or any State or Indian Tribe involved in the interstate organization) does not have at the time of the development of the plan that may be necessary for the State (or any State or Indian Tribe involved in the interstate organization) to protect public health, property, and the environment from harm by aquatic nuisance species; and
4. a schedule of implementing the plan, including a schedule of annual objectives, and enabling legislation.

1. CONSULTATION –

1. In developing and implementing a management plan, the State or interstate organization should, to the maximum extent practicable, involve local governments and regional entities, Indian Tribes, and public and private organizations that have expertise in the control of aquatic nuisance species.
2. Upon the request of a State or the appropriate official of an interstate organization, the Task Force or the Assistant Secretary, as appropriate under paragraph (1), may provide technical assistance in developing and implementing a management plan.

1. PLAN APPROVAL. -- Within 90 days after the submission of a management plan, the Task Force or the Assistant Secretary in consultation with the Task Force, as appropriate under paragraph (1), shall review the proposed plan and approve it if it meets the requirements of this subsection or return the plan to the Governor or the interstate organization with recommended modifications.

1. GRANT PROGRAM. –

1. STATE GRANTS. – The Director may, at the recommendation of the Task Force, make grants to States with management plans approved under subsection (a) for the implementation of those plans.
2. APPLICATION. – An application for a grant under this subsection shall include an identification and description of the best management practices and measures which the state proposes to utilize in implementing an approved management plan with any Federal assistance to be provided under the grant.
3. FEDERAL SHARE. –

1. The Federal share of the cost of each comprehensive management plan implemented with Federal assistance under this section in any fiscal year shall not exceed 75 percent of the cost incurred by the State in implementing such management program and the non-Federal share of such costs shall be provided from non-Federal sources.
2. The Federal share of the cost of each public facility management plan implemented with Federal assistance under this section in any fiscal year shall not exceed 50 percent of the cost incurred by the State in implementing such management program and the non-Federal share of such costs shall be provided from non-Federal sources.

1. ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS. – For the purposes of this section, administrative costs for activities and programs carried out with a grant in any fiscal year shall not exceed 5 percent of the amount of the grant in that year.
2. IN-KIND CONTRIBUTIONS.—In addition to cash outlays and payments, in-kind contributions of property or personnel services by non-Federal interests for activities under this section may be used for the non-Federal share of the cost of those activities.

1. ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE.—Upon request of a State or Indian Tribe, the Director or Under Secretary, to the extent allowable by law and in a manner consistent with section 141 of title 14, United States Code, may provide assistance to a State or Indian Tribe in enforcing an approved State or interstate invasive species management plan.

TO CONTAIN INFORMATION COVERED IN PUBLIC MEETINGS OF INVOLVED STAKEHOLDERS FOR RATIFYING THE PLAN
 
 

List of Non-indigenous Freshwater Animal Species found in Arizona

Common name Species name

Amphibians

        African clawed frog                     Xenopus laevis

        Mountian treefrog                       Hyla eximia 
                Tiger salamander                        Ambystoma tigrinum 
        Pacific chorus frog                     Pseudacris regilla 
        Rio Grande leopard frog                 Rana berlandieri 

Fish 
        
        American eel                            Anguilla rostrata 
        American shad                   Alosa sapidissima
        Arctic grayling                         Thymallus arcticus 
        bighead carp                            Hypophthalmichthys nobilis 
        bigmouth buffalo                        Ictiobus cyprinellus 
        black bullhead                  Ameiurus melas 
        black buffalo                           Ictiobus niger
        black crappie                           Pomoxis nigromaculatus
        blue catfish                            Ictalurus furcatus 
        bluegill                                Lepomis macrochirus
blue tilapia                            Oreochromis aureus
        brook trout                             Salvelinus fontinalis 
        brown bullhead                  Ameiurus nebulosus 
        brown trout                             Salmo trutta
        channel catfish                         Ictalurus punctatus
        coho salmon                             Oncorhynchus kisutch 
        common carp                             Cyprinus carpio 
        convict cichlid                         Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum
        cutbow trout                            Oncorhynchus clarki x mykiss 
        cutthroat trout                         Oncorhynchus clarki 
        driftwood catfish                       Parauchenipterus galeatus
        fathead minnow                  Pimephales promelas 
        firemouth cichlid                       Cichlasoma meeki 
        flathead catfish                        Pylodictis olivaris 
        golden shiner                           Notemigonus crysoleucas 
        goldfish                                Carassius auratus 
        grass carp                              Ctenopharyngodon idella
        green sunfish                           Lepomis cyanellus
        green swordtail                         Xiphophorus helleri
        golden trout                            Oncorhynchus aguabonita 
        guppy                                   Poecilia reticulata 
        largemouth bass                         Micropterus salmoides 
        leatherside chub                        Gila copei 
        longjaw mudsucker                       Gillichthys mirabilis 
        Mexican tetra                           Astyanax mexicanus
        Mexican molly                   Poecilia sphenops
        mosquitofish                            Gambusia affinis
        mottled sculpin                         Cottus bairdi 
        mountain sucker                         Catostomus platyrhynchus
        muskellunge                             Esox masquinongy 
        Nile tilapia                            Oreochromis niloticus
        northern pike                           Esox lucius 
        plains killifish                        Fundulus zebrinus 
        pumpkinseed                             Lepomis gibbosus
        quillback                               Carpiodes cyprinus
        rainbow trout                           Oncorhynchus mykiss 
        redbelly tilapia                        Tilapia zillii
        redear                                  Lepomis microlophus 
        red shiner                              Cyprinella lutrensis
        redside shiner                          Richardsonius balteatus 
        Rio Grande cichlid                      Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum
        Rio Grande sucker                       Catostomus plebeius
        rock bass                               Ambloplites rupestris 
        Sacramento perch                        Archoplites interruptus 
        sailfin molly                           Poecilia latipinna 
        sand shiner                             Notropis ludibundus
        shortfin molly                          Poecilia mexicana 
        silver carp                             Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 
        smallmouth bass                         Micropterus dolomieu 
        smallmouth buffalo                      Ictiobus bubalus 
        sockeye salmon                  Oncorhynchus nerka 
        spikedace                               Meda fulgida 
        spotted bass                            Micropterus punctulatus 
        spotted tilapia                         Tilapia mariae
        striped bass                            Morone saxatilis 
        suckermouth catfish                     Hypostomus sp. 
        tench                                   Tinca tinca 
        threadfin shad                          Dorosoma petenense
        Utah chub                               Gila atraria 
        variable platyfish                      Xiphophorus variatus 
        walleye                                 Stizostedion vitreum 
        Wami tilapia                            Oreochromis urolepis 
        warmouth                                Chaenobryttus gulosus
        woundfin                                Plagopterus argentissimus 
        white bass                              Morone chrysops 
        white crappie                           Pomoxis annularis 
        white sturgeon                          Acipenser transmontanus 
        yellow bass                             Morone mississippiensis 
        yellow bullhead                         Ameiurus natalis 
        yellow perch                            Perca flavescens 

Invertebrates
        Asian clam      Corbicula fluminea
        big-ear radix   Radix auricularia 
        Chinese mysterysnail    Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata
        crayfish        Orconectes causeyi
        crayfish, red swamp     Procambarus clarkii
        crayfish, virile        Orconectes virilis
        red-rim melania Melanoides tuberculatus 
        shrimp, riverine grass  Palaemonetes plaudosus
        zebra mussel    Dreissena polymorpha

Reptiles

alligator snapping turtle Macroclemys temminckii

false map turtle Graptemys pseudogeographica

red-eared slider Trachemys scripta elegans

slider Trachemys scripta

snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina

southern painted turtle Chrysemys picta dorsalis

spectacled caiman Caiman crocodilus

spiny softshell Apalone spinifera

Texas spiny softshell Apalone spinifera emoryi

water monitor Varanus salvator

western painted turtle Chrysemys picta bellii

yellowbelly slider Trachemys scripta scripta

yellow mud turtle Kinosternon flavescens flavescens

Common Name Scientific Name Habitat AZDA Status

Plants that are currently causing problems in Arizona

Brazilian elodea Egeria densa submersed species

curly leaf pondweed Potamogeton crispus submersed

giant salvinia Salvinia molesta floating in calm waters

hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata submersed species

parrot-feather Myriophyllum aquaticum mat-forming emergent

grows along lake and river

shorelines

water-cress Nasturtium officinale cold water streams
 
 

Plants with Apparent Limited Distribution and Weedy Potential

Eurasian water-milfoil Myriophyllum spicatum submersed species

Species of Concern Being Sold in Arizona, But Not Established in the Wild

water-hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes floating plant with dangling roots (sold as an aquatic garden plant)

Introduced Plant Species, But Not Causing Problems

dotted duckweed Landoltia (Spirodela) punctata floating leaved in shallow water

yellow floating-heart Nymphoides peltata floating leaved in shallow water

Species Of Concern in Other States, Not Yet Introduced to Arizona

Anchored water hyacinth Eichhornia azurea (SW)

Water-chestnut Trapa natans L.
 
 

Common name Species name

Amphibians

        clawed frogs                            all species of the genus Xenopus
        giant or marine toads                   Bufo horribilis, Bufo marinus, Bufo 
                                                        paracnemis 

Fish 
        
        Arctic grayling                         Thymallus arcticus 
bass                                    all the species of the family Serranidae
        bighead carp                            Hypophthalmichthys nobilis 
        bony tongue                             Arapaima gigas   
        bowfin                                  Amia calva
        catfish                                 all species of the family Ictaluridae
        Crucian carp                            Carassius carassius
electric eel                            Electrophorus electricus
European whitefish                      Leuciscus idus, Idus idus
freshwater drum                 Aplodinotus grunniens
freshwater stingray                     all species of the family Potamotrygonidae
gars                                    all species of the family Lepisosteidae
        goldeye                         all species of the family Hiodontidae
        herring                                 all species of the family Clupeidae
        Indian carp                             all of the species Catla catla, Cirrhina 
                                                        mrigala, and Labeo rohita
        lampreys                                all species of the family Petromyzontidae
        mooneye                         all species of the family Hiodontidae 
        Nile perch                              all species of the genus Lates
        pike                                    all species of the family Clupeidae
pike topminnow                  Belonesox belizamus
piranha all species of the genera Serrasalmus, 
                Serrasalmo, Phygocentrus, 
                Teddyella, Fooseveltiella, and 
                                                        Pygopristis     
        Rudd                                    Scardinius erythrophthalmus
shad                                    all species of the family Clupeidae except 
                                                threadfin shad, species Dorosoma
                                                 petenense
sharks                                  all species, marine and freshwater of orders 
                                                Hexanchiformes, Heterodontiformes, 
                                                Squaliformes, Pristiophoriformes, 
                                                Squatiniformes, Orectolobiformes, 
                                                Lamniformes, and Carcharhiniformes
        silver carp                             Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 
        snakehead                               all species of the family Ophicephalidae
South American parasitic catfish        all species of the family Trichomycteridae 
                                                and Cetopsidae
        sunfish                                 all species of the family Centrarchidae
        tetras                                  all species of the genus Astyanyx                       tiger fish                              Hoplias malabaricus
        trout                                   all species of the family Salmonidae
        white amur, grass carp          Ctenopharyngodon idella
        walking catfish                 all species of the family Clariidae 
        walleye                                 Stizostedion vitreum 
        white perch                             Morone americanus 
        yellow perch                            Perca flavescens 

Invertebrates
        Asiatic mitten crab     Eriocheir sinensis
        Crayfish, Australian    all species of family Parastacidae
        zebra mussel    Dreissena polymorpha

Reptiles
        caimans
        crocodiles                              all species of order Crocodylia
        alligators
        snapping turtles                        all species of family Cherlyridae
        sea snakes                              all species of family Hydrophiidae
Priority Species

• zebra mussel (Dreissina polymorpha)
• hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)
• Brazilean elodea (Egeria densa)
• parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum)
• purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
• giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta)
• water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

Federal Agencies Regulating the Transport of Live Aquatic Products

Federal Agencies Regulating the Transport of Live Aquatic Products (Olson and Linen 1997).

Regulate Product

Restrict Movement Into U.S. Restrict Interstate Movement Content or Labeling

Plants APHIS APHIS APHIS

DOD AMS AMS

Customs

DEA

Fish FWS FWS FWS

Customs

USCG

Invertebrates APHIS APHIS FWS

FWS FWS

ARS

PHS

Customs

USCG

List of abbreviations and descriptions of authority (Olson and Linen 1997)

Organization Description

The Non-indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990

The Non-indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 created the Interagency Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. This group is required to develop a program to prevent, monitor, and control unintentional introductions of exotic species. Many of the agencies that in some way regulate the introduction of species are represented on this task force.

The National Invasive Species Act of 1996

The National Invasive Species Act of 1996 re-authorizes and amends the Non-indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 (the "Zebra Mussel Act"). It expands the scope of the Act beyond the zebra mussel and ballast water and begins to "address introductions and infestations of [non-indigenous aquatic] species that may be as destructive as the zebra mussel." To this end, the Act authorizes a Western Regional Panel to identify priorities for the western region; develop emergency response strategies for stemming new invasions; and advise public and private sectors concerning the prevention and control of exotic species. Furthermore, the Act advises state and Tribal governments to prepare invasive species management plans and provides for ecological surveys to study species attributes and patterns of invasions.

Finally, the National Invasive Species Act of 1996 authorizes U.S. spending $1.25 million to "fund research on aquatic nuisance species prevention and control in San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Coast."

The expanded scope of the National Invasive Species Act of 1996 demonstrates that federal efforts to control the transport and accidental release of exotic species are becoming more stringent. Concern over the disastrous spread of the zebra mussel has heightened public awareness of the issue and, as a consequence, government regulations are likely to become more developed in coming years.

International Instruments Addressing Non-indigenous Species

Additional International Agreements Addressing Non-indigenous species include:

• The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in which Article XX (b) Acknowledges the need for parties to protect themselves from harmful exotic species. This article legitimizes trade restraints, such as quarantine regulations, that are necessary to protect the life or health of humans, animals, or plants;
• The International Plant protection convention (1972), covering agricultural pests;
• The International Convention on Biological Diversity (signed 1993, but not yet ratified by the U.S. Senate) which contains a provision to control, eradicate, or prevent the introduction of those alien species that threaten ecosystems, habitats, or species;

• The Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1973);
• The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1975);
• The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1985)(especially involved with waterfowl habitat);
• The Convention on Nature protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere (1942).

Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force (D. James Baker, Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and Mollie Beattie, Director of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1994. Report to Congress: Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations of the Intentional Introductions Policy Review.

Carlton, J.T. 1985. Transoceanic and Interoceanic Dispersal of Coastal Marine Organisms: The Biology of Ballast Water. Oceanography and Marine Biology, An Annual Review: volume 23.

Hushak, L.J., Y. Deng, M. Bielen. 1995. The Cost of Zebra Mussel Monitoring and Control. ANS Digest: volume 1, number 1.

Leigh, P. 1994. Benefits and Costs of the Ruffe Control Program for the Great Lakes Fishery. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Report.

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Fish and Wildlife. 1993. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Comprehensive Management Plan.

Ohio Sea Grant College Program. 1995. Sea Grant Zebra Mussel Report: An Update of Research and Outreach: 1988-1994. The Ohio State University.

Olson, A.M., and E.H. Linen. 1997. Exotic Species and the Live Aquatics Trade. Proceedings of Marketing and Shipping Live Aquatics ’96: conference and Exhibition, Seattle, Washington, October 1996. School of Marine Affairs, University of Washington, Working Paper No. 6.

Ruiz, G.M., A.H. Hines, L.D. Smith, J.T. Carlton. 1995. An Historical Perspective on Invasion of North American Waters by Nonindigenous Aquatic Species. ANS Digest: volume 1, number 1.

U.S. Congress, Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990, Public Law 101-646.

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1993. Harmful Nonindigenous Species in the United States. OTA-F565.

U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 1991. Handbook for Ranking Exotic Plant for Management and Control. Authored by R.D. Hiebert and James Stubbendieck. (Copies of this report (Natural Resources Report NPS/NRMWRO/NRR-93/08) are available from: Publications Coordinator, National Park Service, Natural Resources Publications Office, P.O. Box 2587 (WASO-NRPO), Denver, CO 80225-0287).

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior. 1995. Report to Congress: Great Lakes Fishery Resources Restoration Study.