ࡱ > / 1 , - . ^ 5@ 0 a bjbj22 ? X X ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D K K K 8 $L l L D `N |Q : Q Q Q R WU \ V | ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ $ M R 0 d R R d d 0 0 Q Q S n n n d 0 Q 0 Q 6 F n d | n n n V v @ 0 0 w Q TN O K j r w Z i 0 w x +l P w D D 0 0 0 0 w 0 Z cW \ Z f n %] _ cW cW cW D D . H6 {n X D D H6 Effects of dietary lipid source on egg and larval quality of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)
ALI HAJIZADEH1, 2 K. JAUNCEY1 AND K. RANA1, 3
1. Institute of Aquaculture University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland UK
2. Institute of Fisheries Research of Iran, 297 West Fatemi Ave., Tehran, Iran
3. Divisions of Aquaculture, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary lipid sources on reproductive performance of Nile tilapia for three consecutive spawnings with the goal of replacing dietary fish oil with palm oil. In this study tilapia were fed solely with the selected experimental diet during their entire life, from onset of exogenous feeding until termination of spawning. Three isonitrogenous (40% crude protein), isoenergitic (20 KJg-1) experimental diets were made containing either 10% cod liver oil (CO), palm oil (PO) or mixed palm and cod liver oil (9:1 ratio; PO&CO) using soybean protein concentrate as the protein source. In addition a commercial trout diet was used as a control. The influence of dietary lipid on spawning intervals, fecundity, relative fecundity (egg number per unit weight), egg size, fertilisation and hatching rate and larval quality was investigated. Dietary lipid sources had no significant effect on egg diameter, egg volume and egg dry weight. However, relative fecundity was significantly (P<0.05) different in fish fed control diet while those fish fed PO and mixed PO&CO were not different (P>0.05). Similar results were observed for egg weight to body weight ration (EW: BW) and inter spawning interval (ISI) for fish fed diet 4. Moreover, total fecundity (number of eggs produced per fish) obtained from fish fed the mixed oil diet (PO & CO) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than for those fed the palm oil and control diets. This study suggests that palm oil can replace fish oil with no negative effect on egg and larval quality in O. niloticus.
Keywords: Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Diet, Lipid, Reproduction, Egg and larval quality
INTRODUCTION
The Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus is a widely cultured species because it grows and reproduces under a wide range of environmental conditions and tolerates handling stress. Tilapias perform well in extensive, semi-intensive and intensive culture systems. Farmed Nile tilapia production reached 1,703,125 mt, about 84% of total farmed tilapia production, in 2006 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE FAO20062460FishStat Plus - Universal software for fishery statistical time seriesInternet Communication2460FishStat Plus - Universal software for fishery statistical time seriesFAO2006Not in Filehttp://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/160732008/7/17http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16073http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16073http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/1607335(FAO, 2006). Tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps, and currently tilapia are cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions. One of the most important aspects in fish seed production is production of fertilized eggs that result in larvae with high survival and growth. Broodstock nutrition affects reproduction and egg and larval quality in fish ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Izquierdo20011435Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fishJournal1435Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fishIzquierdo,M.S.Fernandez-Palacios,H.Tacon,A.G.J.2001/6/1BroodstockBROODSTOCK NUTRITIONEgg qualityFatty acidsFishNutritionperformanceReproductive performanceREPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCESpawnvitamin ENot in File2542Aquaculture1971-4http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T4D-4313NM4-3/2/465d4ba5225af53c7320cbbb83bdac99Aquaculture1(Izquierdo et al., 2001). Some feed components are known to greatly influence spawning quality in several species ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Watanabe19852095Improvement of quality of red sea bream eggs by feeding broodstock on a diet containing cuttlefish meal on a raw krill shortly before spawningJournal2095Improvement of quality of red sea bream eggs by feeding broodstock on a diet containing cuttlefish meal on a raw krill shortly before spawningWatanabe,T.Kiozumi,T.Suzuki,H.Satoh,S.Rajeychgu,T.Yoshida,N.Kitada,TTsukashima,Y.1985Not in File15111521Bull.Jap.soci.Fish.51Bull.Jap.soci.Fish.1Verakunpiriya19962261Effect of broodstock diets on the chemical components of milt and eggs produced by yellowtailJournal2261Effect of broodstock diets on the chemical components of milt and eggs produced by yellowtailVerakunpiriya,V.Watanabe,T.Mushiake,K.Kiron,V.Satoh,S.Takeuchi,T.1996Not in File610619Fisheries Science62Fisheries Science1(Verakunpiriya et al., 1996; Watanabe et al., 1985).
Broodstock productivity remains one of the most significant constraints to commercial production costs and thus knowledge of factors affecting broodstock productivity is of immense importance to further development of tilapia culture. In particular, lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) are nutritional factors that greatly affect egg and larval quality ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Fernandez-Palacios19952088Effect of n - 3 HUFA level in broodstock diets on egg quality of gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata (L.).Journal2088Effect of n - 3 HUFA level in broodstock diets on egg quality of gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata (L.).Fernandez-Palacios,HipolitoIzquierdo,Maria SoledadRobaina,LidiaValencia,AntonioSalhi,MariaVergara,JoseM1995/5/1Fats and fatty compoundsfeeding and nutritionFishReproductionSparus aurataSpawning qualityNot in File325337Aquaculture1323-4http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T4D-3Y45DNV-17/2/15c1326053379196d6b3abc6b14efc1dAquaculture1Furuita20001249Effects of n-3 HUFA levels in broodstock diet on the reproductive performance and egg and larval quality of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus.Journal1249Effects of n-3 HUFA levels in broodstock diet on the reproductive performance and egg and larval quality of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus.Furuita,HirofumiTanaka,HidekiYamamoto,TakeshiShiraishi,ManabuTakeuchi,Toshio2000/7/20BroodstockdietEggEgg and larval qualityEgg qualityHUFALARVAL QUALITYLEVELN-3 HUFAParalichthys olivaceusperformanceQUALITYReproductionReproductive performanceREPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCENot in File387398Aquaculture1873-4http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T4D-40F1R3P-H/2/d3706f73feffa49ce1e7ded6fd146e34Aquaculture1Harel19942215The kinetics of nutrient incorporation into body tissues of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) females and the subsequent effects on egg composition and egg qualityJournal2215The kinetics of nutrient incorporation into body tissues of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) females and the subsequent effects on egg composition and egg qualityHarel,M.Tandler,A.Kissil,G.W.1994Not in File4558Br.J.Nutr.72Br.J.Nutr.1Navas19971965The impact of seasonal alteration in the lipid composition of broodstock diets on egg quality in the European sea bassJournal1965The impact of seasonal alteration in the lipid composition of broodstock diets on egg quality in the European sea bassNavas,J.M.Bruce,M.Thrush,M.Farndale,B.M.Bromage,N.Zanuy,S.Carrillo,M.Bell,G.B.Ramos,J.1997BroodstockBroodstock dietBROODSTOCK DIETSCompositiondietDietsEggEgg qualityEuropean sea bassLipidLipid compositionQUALITYSea bassNot in File760773Journal of Fish Biology514Journal of Fish BiologyJ.Fish Biol.1Watanabe19842085Effect of low protein-high caloric or essential fatty acid deficiency diet on reproduction of rainbow troutJournal2085Effect of low protein-high caloric or essential fatty acid deficiency diet on reproduction of rainbow troutWatanabe,T.Takeuchi,T.Saito,M.Nishimura,K.1984Essential fatty acidFatty acidFATTY-ACIDdietReproductionRainbow troutRAINBOW-TROUTTroutNot in File12071215Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries and science507Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries and science1Watanabe19852095Improvement of quality of red sea bream eggs by feeding broodstock on a diet containing cuttlefish meal on a raw krill shortly before spawningJournal2095Improvement of quality of red sea bream eggs by feeding broodstock on a diet containing cuttlefish meal on a raw krill shortly before spawningWatanabe,T.Kiozumi,T.Suzuki,H.Satoh,S.Rajeychgu,T.Yoshida,N.Kitada,TTsukashima,Y.1985Not in File15111521Bull.Jap.soci.Fish.51Bull.Jap.soci.Fish.1(Fernandez-Palacios et al., 1995; Furuita et al., 2000; Harel et al., 1994; Navas et al., 1997; Watanabe et al., 1984; Watanabe et al., 1985). Nevertheless, marine fish oils are traditionally used as the main dietary lipid source in many commercial fish feeds. Aquafeeds currently use about 70% of the global supply of fish oil and by the year 2010, fish oil use in aquaculture is estimated to reach about 97% of the world supply ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Tacon20032475Fish meal and fish oil use in shrimp diets: present and futureConference Proceeding2475Fish meal and fish oil use in shrimp diets: present and futureTacon,A.G.J2003Not in File219220Proceedings of a Special Session on Shrimp FarmingResponsible Aquaculture for a Secure FutureJory,D.E.LA, USA.The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge,Proceedings of a Special Session on Shrimp Farming12(Tacon, 2003).In order to sustain rapid aquaculture development, the industry cannot continue to rely on finite stocks of marine pelagic fish for oil supply. However, one potential replacement for fish oil in aquafeeds is palm oil. In this respect, palm oil is similar to other vegetable oils that have been reported in numerous scientific papers to be able to replace a significant part of fish oil in fish diets without negatively affecting fish growth, feed utilization and survival ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Al-Owafeir19962238Replacing palm oil for soybean oil in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), feedJournal2238Replacing palm oil for soybean oil in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), feedAl-Owafeir,M.A.Belal,I.E.H.1996Not in File221224Aquaculture Research274Aquaculture ResearchAquacult.Res.1Bell20022269Substituting fish oil with crude palm oil in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects muscle fatty acid composition and hepatic fatty acid metabolismJournal2269Substituting fish oil with crude palm oil in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects muscle fatty acid composition and hepatic fatty acid metabolismBell,G.B.Henderson,R.JTocher,D.R.Fiona,McGheeDick,J.R.Porter,AllanSmullen,R.P.Sargent,J.R.2002Not in File222230The Journal of Nutrition132The Journal of Nutrition1Legendre19952255Larval rearing of an African catfish Heterobranchus longifilis teleostei, Clariidae: effect of dietary lipids on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of fry.Journal2255Larval rearing of an African catfish Heterobranchus longifilis teleostei, Clariidae: effect of dietary lipids on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of fry.Legendre,M.Kerdchuan,N.Corraze,G.Bergot,P.1995Not in File355363Aquat.Living Resour.8Aquat.Living Resour.1Ng20002120Evaluation of crude palm oil and refined palm olein as dietary lipids in pelleted feeds for a tropical bagrid catfish Mystus nemurus (Cuvier & Valenciennes)Journal2120Evaluation of crude palm oil and refined palm olein as dietary lipids in pelleted feeds for a tropical bagrid catfish Mystus nemurus (Cuvier & Valenciennes)Ng,W.K.Tee,M.C.Boey,P.L.2000/4/9Not in File337347Aquaculture Research314doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00437.xhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00437.xAquaculture ResearchAquacult.Res.1Ng20062152Palm oil-laden spent bleaching clay as a substitute for marine fish oil in the diets of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticusJournal2152Palm oil-laden spent bleaching clay as a substitute for marine fish oil in the diets of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticusNg,W.K.KOH,C.B.DIN,Z.B.2006/12/3Not in File459468Aquaculture Nutrition126doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2006.00449.xhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2006.00449.xAquaculture NutritionAquacult.Nutr.1Ng20032151Dietary lipid and palm oil source affects growth, fatty acid composition and muscle [alpha]-tocopherol concentration of African catfish, Clarias gariepinusJournal2151Dietary lipid and palm oil source affects growth, fatty acid composition and muscle [alpha]-tocopherol concentration of African catfish, Clarias gariepinusNg,Wing KeongLim,Phaik KinBoey,Peng Lim2003/1/10African catfishFatty acidsLipidPalm oil[alpha]-TocopherolNot in File229243Aquaculture2151-4http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T4D-45FGXDX-2/2/a51f2a48cd7cfef482d1759bff057419Aquaculture1Ng20052123Evaluation of spent bleaching clay from palm oil refining as an lngredient for diets of red hybrid Tilapia, Oreochromis spJournal2123Evaluation of spent bleaching clay from palm oil refining as an lngredient for diets of red hybrid Tilapia, Oreochromis spNg,Wing KeongLow,Sheanyen-2005Spent bleaching clay (SBC),bleaching earth,palm oil,bentonite,tilapiaNot in File8797Journal of Applied Aquaculture,174Journal of Applied Aquaculture,1Tortensen20002263Lipid metabolism and tissue composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): effects of capelin oil plam oil and oleic-enriched sunflower oil as dietary lipid sourcesJournal2263Lipid metabolism and tissue composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): effects of capelin oil plam oil and oleic-enriched sunflower oil as dietary lipid sourcesTortensen,B.E.Lie,O.Froyland,L.2000Not in File653664Lipids35Lipids1(Al-Owafeir and Belal, 1996; Bell et al., 2002; Legendre et al., 1995; Ng et al., 2000; Ng et al., 2006; Ng et al., 2003; Ng and Low, 2005; Tortensen et al., 2000). Nevertheless, in addition to its low cost and high availability, palm oil also has many additional advantages over other vegetable oils when used in aqua-feed formulation ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Ng20042125Replacement of dietary fish oil with palm fatty acid distillate elevates tocopherol and tocotrienol concentrations and increases oxidative stability in the muscle of African catfish, Clarias gariepinusJournal2125Replacement of dietary fish oil with palm fatty acid distillate elevates tocopherol and tocotrienol concentrations and increases oxidative stability in the muscle of African catfish, Clarias gariepinusNg,Wing KeongWang,YanKetchimenin,PreyahYuen,Kah Hay2004/4/26African catfishLipid peroxidationPalm fatty acid distillateTocopherolTocotrienolNot in File423437Aquaculture2331-4http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T4D-4B6CPKJ-2/2/fd58a06737477364ade6c14b557fd51bAquaculture1(Ng et al., 2004).
The effect of dietary lipid source on spawning performance of tilapias has not been sufficiently studied. Only Santiago and Reyes ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Santiago19931287Effect of dietary lipid sources on reproductive performance and tissue levels on Nile tilapia Orechromis niloticus broodstockJournal1287Effect of dietary lipid sources on reproductive performance and tissue levels on Nile tilapia Orechromis niloticus broodstockSantiago,Corazon B.Reyes,Ofelia S.1993dietary lipidLipidReproductive performanceREPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCEperformanceLEVELNILOTICUSBroodstockNot in File3340J.Appl.Ichthyology9J.Appl.Ichthyology