STUDY GUIDE

THE SENSORY ORGANS

ANS 215 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS

 

  1. Sensory Receptors and Their Functions
    1. What are the special senses?
    2. Are pain, cold heat, touch and pressure sensations known as special senses?
    3. To what group of sensory receptors do muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs belong?
    4. Differentiate between a phasic and a tonic receptor. Are muscle spindles phasic or tonic receptors?
    5. What is the name for receptors specific for pain?
    6. Can a receptor for cold or heat send an afferent impulse to the cerebral cortex to be recognized as pain?
    7. What are the most sensitive visceral structures that produce pain?
    8. What is a good example of referred pain in cattle?
  2. Taste
    1. What is the physiologic name for taste?
    2. What is a function of taste in animals?
    3. Where are most of the taste buds located?
    4. Study the location of taste buds relative to papillae and the glands of von Ebner?
    5. To stimulate taste hairs, what part of a taste bud must dissolved substances enter?
    6. How are taste substances classified in animals?
    7. At what temperature does water rejection occur for poultry?
    8. What is meant by depraved appetite in animals?
  3. Smell
    1. What is the physiologic name for smell?
    2. Where are the nerve cell bodies for smell located?
    3. Why do dogs have a better sense of smell than humans?
    4. Differentiate between anosmatic, microsmatic and macrosmatic.
    5. What is the function of the glands of Bowman secretion?
    6. What is the function of alfactory epithelial basal cells?
    7. Can more than one odor be perceived at one time?
    8. What is meant by adaptation to smell?
    9. What are pheromones?
    10. What are some functions of animal pheromones?
  4. Hearing and Equilibrium
    1. Be able to follow the motion initiated by a sound wave from the tympanic membrane through the cochlear window (round window).
    2. What is the function of the two striated muscles located in the middle ear?
    3. What reflex is inherent to the function of the middle ear muscles?
    4. What are the respective functions of the vestibular and cochlear portions of the inner ear?
    5. Why is the cochlea coiled?
    6. Differentiate between membranous labyrinth and osseous labyrinth and their respective fluids.
    7. How are the cristae (located in the semicircular canals) stimulated?
    8. How are the macula receptors stimulated?
    9. What are the divisions of the cochlea brought about by extension of the membranous labyrinth into the cochlea?
    10. What cochlear division contains the organ of Corti?
    11. Summarize sound reception (which relates to question a on this list).
  5. Vision
    1. Identify the parts of the external eye.
    2. Identify the basic structures of the eyeball.
    3. What is the normal arrangement of the corneal stroma?
    4. Does the cornea have a blood supply?
    5. Are there nerve fibers in the cornea?
    6. How is accommodation accomplished by the lens of the eye?
    7. What is the extent of accommodation among domestic animals?
    8. How is the size of the pupil changed?
    9. Are pupil shapes the same among all animals?
    10. What would be the impact of a centrally located optic disk and a constricted circular pupil?
    11. Review the production, location, circulation, function, and drainage of aqueous humor.
    12. What visual chemical begins to decompose when excited by light and stimulates retinal rod cells?
    13. What is the tapetum and how does it provide for better vision in reduced light?
    14. What is meant by field of vision? Binocular vision? Monocular vision?
    15. Describe the conjunctive.
    16. If the nasolacrimal duct were plugged, explain the reason for a horses wet face.
    17. What is "cherry eye" in the dog?