Announcing a workshop on resource pulse use in arid ecosystems
Location: The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Time: August 2-4, 2002 (in advance of the Annual ESA Meeting)
|
|
Announcing a workshop on resource pulse use in arid ecosystems Location: The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Time: August 2-4, 2002 (in advance of the Annual ESA Meeting) |
| Summary
Bibliography |
Download Bibliography as Endnote file Adiku,
S. G. K., C. W. Rose, R. D. Braddock, and H. Ozier-Lafontaine. 2000. On the
simulation of root water extraction: Examination of a minimum energy
hypothesis. Soil Science 165:226-236. Agnew,
A. D. Q. 1997. Switches, pulses and grazing in arid vegetation. Journal of
Arid Environments 37:609-617. Aguado,
S. G. A., and M. E. Garcia. 1998. Environmental factors and community
dynamics at the southernmost part of the North American Graminetum: I. On
the contribution of climatic factors to temporal variation in species
composition. Plant Ecology 135:13-29. Aguiar,
M. R., and O. E. Sala. 1994. Competition, facilitation, seed distribution
and the origin of patches in a Patagonian steppe. Oikos:26-34. Aguiar,
M. R., J. M. Paruelo, O. E. Sala, and W. K. Lauenroth. 1996. Ecosystem
responses to changes in plant functional type composition: An example from
the Patagonian steppe. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:381-390. Aguiar,
M. R., and O. E. Sala. 1999. Patch structure, dynamics and implications for
the functioning of arid ecosytems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution
14:273-277. Alder,
N. N., J. S. Sperry, and W. T. Pockman. 1996. Root and stem xylem embolism,
stomatal conductance, and leaf turgor in Acer grandidentatum populations
along a soil moisture gradient. Oecologia 105:293-301. Allen,
C. D., and D. D. Breshears. 1998. Drought-induced shift of a forest-woodland
ecotone: Rapid landscape response to climate variation. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95:14839-14842. Allen
Craig, D., and D. Breshears David. 1998. Drought-induced shift of a
forest-woodland ecotone: Rapid landscape response to climate variation.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America. Dec. 95:14839-14842. Alm,
D. M., and P. S. Nobel. 1991. Root system water uptake and respiration for
Agave deserti: Observations and predictions using a model based on
individual roots. Annals of Botany 67:59-66. Alm,
D. J., J. Cavelier, and P. S. Nobel. 1992. A finite-element model of radial
and axial conductivities for individual roots: Development and validation
for two desert succulents. Annals of Botany 69:87-92. Anthoni,
P. M., B. E. Law, and M. H. Unsworth. 1999. Carbon and water vapor exchange
of an open-canopied ponderosa pine ecosystem. Agricultural and Forest
Meteorology 95:151-168. Archer,
S., S. Schimel David, and A. Holland Elisabeth. 1995. Mechanisms of
shrubland expansion: Land use, climate or CO-2? Climatic Change 29:91-99. Archer,
S. 1995. Tree-grass dynamics in a Prosopis-thornscrub savanna parkland:
Reconstructing the past and predicting the future. Ecoscience 2:83-99. Austin,
A. T., and P. M. Vitousek. 1998. Nutrient dynamics on a precipitation
gradient in Hawai'i. Oecologia 113:519-529. Austin,
A. T., and O. E. Sala. 1999. Foliar delta15N is negatively correlated with
rainfall along the IGBP transect in Australia. Australian Journal of Plant
Physiology 26:293-295. Austin,
A. T., and V. P. M. 2000. Precipitation, decomposition and litter
decomposability of Metrosideros polymorpha in native forests on Hawai'i.
Journal of Ecology 88:129-138. Bassirirad,
H., and M. Caldwell Martyn. 1992. Root growth, osmotic adjustment and
nitrate uptake during and after a period of drought in Artemisia tridentata.
Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 19:493-500. Bassirirad,
H., and M. Caldwell Martyn. 1992. Temporal changes in root growth and
nitrogen-15 uptake and water relations of two tussock grass species
recovering from water stress. Physiologia Plantarum 86:525-531. BassiriRad,
H., D. C. Tremmel, R. A. Virginia, J. F. Reynolds, A. G. de Soyza, and M. H.
Brunell. 1999. Short-term patterns in water and nitrogen acquisition by two
desert shrubs following a simulated summer rain. Plant Ecology 145:27-36. Belnap,
J. 1995. Surface disturbances: Their role in accelerating desertification.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 37:39-57. Belnap,
J. 2001. Factors influencing nitrogen fixation and nitrogen release in
biological soil crusts. Pages 241-261 in J. Belnap and O. L. Lange, editors.
Biological soil crusts: Structure, function, and management. Springer Verlag,
Heidelberg,Berlin, New York. Belnap,
J., R. Prasse, and K. T. Harper. 2001. Influence of biological soil crusts
on soil environments and vascular plants. Pages 281-300 in J. Belnap and O.
L. Lange, editors. Biological soil crusts: Structure, function, and
management. Springer Verlag, Heidelber, Berlin, New York. Belnap,
J., and O. L. Lange, editors. 2001. Biological soil crusts: Structure,
function, and management. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, New York. Benner,
B. L., and F. A. Bazzaz. 1988. Carbon and mineral element accumulation and
allocation in two annual plant species in response to timing of nutrient
addition. Journal of Ecology 76:19-40. Berndtsson,
R., and H. Chen. 1994. Variability of soil water content along a transect in
a desert area. Journal of Arid Environments 27:127-139. Bertiller,
M. B., A. M. Beeskow, and F. Coronato. 1991. Seasonal Environmental
Variation and Plant Phenology in Arid Patagonia Argentina. Journal of Arid
Environments 21:1-12. Betancourt,
J. L., C. Latorre, J. A. Rech, J. Quade, and K. A. Rylander. 2000. A
22,000-year record of monsoonal precipitation from northern Chile's Atacama
Desert. Science 289:1542-1546. Bilbrough,
C., J., and M. M. Caldwell. 1997. Exploitation of springtime ephemeral N
pulses by six Great Basin plant species. Ecology 78:231-243. Borghetti,
M., S. Cinnirella, F. Magnani, and A. Saracino. 1998. Impact of long-term
drought on xylem embolism and growth in Pinus halepensis Mill. Trees
12:187-195. Bowers,
M. A. 1987. Precipitation and the Relative Abundances of Desert Winter
Annuals a 6-Year Study in the Northern Mohave Desert Nevada Usa. Journal of
Arid Environments 12:141-150. Bowers,
J. E. 1997. Demographic patterns of Ferocactus cylindraceus in relation to
substate age and grazing history. Plant Ecology 133:37-48. Bowman,
D. M. J. S., and P. R. Minchin. 1987. Environmental Relationships of Woody
Vegetation Patterns in the Australian Monsoon Tropics. Australian Journal of
Botany 35:151-170. Bowman,
W. D., and C. J. Bilbrough. 2001. Influence of a pulsed nitrogen supply on
growth and nitrogen uptake in alpine graminoids. Plant and Soil 233:283-290. Breshears,
D. D., P. M. Rich, F. J. Barnes, and K. Campbell. 1997. Overstory-imposed
heterogeneity in solar radiation and soil moisture in a semiarid woodland.
Ecological Applications 7:1201-1215. Breshears,
D. D., O. B. Myers, S. R. Johnson, C. W. Meyer, and S. N. Martens. 1997.
Differential use of spatially heterogeneous soil moisture by two semiarid
woody species: Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma. Journal of Ecology
85:289-299. Breshears,
D. D., J. W. Nyhan, C. E. Heil, and B. P. Wilcox. 1998. Effects of woody
plants on microclimate in a semiarid woodland: Soil temperature and
evaporation in canopy and intercanopy patches. International Journal of
Plant Sciences 159:1010-1017. Breshears,
D. D., and F. J. Barnes. 1999. Interrelationships between plant functional
types and soil moisture heterogeneity for semiarid landscapes within the
grassland/forest continuum: a unified conceptual model. Landscape Ecology
14:465-478. Briones,
O., C. Montana, and E. Ezcurra. 1996. Competition between three Chihuahuan
desert species: Evidence from plant size-distance relations and root
distribution. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:453-460. Briones,
O., C. Montana, and E. Ezcurra. 1998. Competition intensity as a function of
resource availability in a semiarid ecosystem. Oecologia 116:365-372. Brooks,
J. R., L. B. Flanagan, N. Buchmann, and J. R. Ehleringer. 1997. Carbon
isotope composition of boreal plants: Functional grouping of life forms.
Oecologia 110:301-311. Brown,
J. R., and S. Archer. 1990. Water Relations of a Perennial Grass and
Seedling Versus Adult Woody Plants in a Subtropical Savanna Texas Usa. Oikos
57:366-374. Brown,
J. H., and E. J. Heske. 1990. Temporal changes in a Chihuahuan desert rodent
community. Oikos 59:290-302. Brown,
J. H., T. J. Valone, and C. G. Curtin. 1997. Reorganization of an arid
ecosystem in response to recent climate change. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94:9729-9733. Brown,
J. R., and S. Archer. 1999. Shrub invasion of grassland: Recruitment is
continuous and not regulated by herbaceous biomass or density. Ecology
80:2385-2396. Brown,
J. S., B. P. Kotler, and A. Bouskila. 2001. Ecology of fear: Foraging games
between predators and prey with pulsed resources. Annales Zoologici Fennici
38:71-87. Buchard,
C., M. McCully, and M. Canny. 1999. Daily embolism and refilling of root
xylem vessels in three dicotyledonous crop plants. Agronomie 19:97-106. Buchmann,
N., Y. Kao Wen, and J. Ehleringer. 1997. Influence of stand structure on
carbon-13 of vegetation, soils, and canopy air within deciduous and
evergreen forests, in Utah, United States. Oecologia 110:109-119. Burke,
I. C., W. K. Lauenroth, and W. J. Parton. 1997. Regional and temporal
variation in net primary production and nitrogen mineralization in
grasslands. Ecology 78:1330-1340. Burke,
I. C., W. K. Lauenroth, M. A. Vinton, P. B. Hook, R. H. Kelly, H. E.
Epstein, M. R. Aguiar, M. D. Robles, M. O. Aguilera, K. L. Murphy, and R. A.
Gill. 1998. Plant-soil interactions in temperate grasslands. Biogeochemistry
42:121-143. Caldwell,
M. M., R. S. White, R. T. Moore, and C. L. B. 1977. Carbon balance,
productivity; water use of cold-winter desert shrub communities dominated by
C3 and C4 species. Oecologia 29:275-300. Caldwell,
M. M., D. M. Eissenstat, J. H. Richards, and M. F. Allen. 1985. Competition
For Phosphorus Differential Uptake From Dual-Isotope-Labeled Soil
Interspaces Between Shrub and Grass. Science 229:384-386. Campbell,
B. D., and J. P. Grime. 1989. A Comparative Study of Plant Responsiveness to
the Duration of Episodes of Mineral Nutrient Enrichment. New Phytologist
112:261-268. Canadell,
J., R. B. Jackson, J. R. Ehleringer, H. A. Mooney, O. E. Sala, and E. D.
Schulze. 1996. Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global
scale. Oecologia 108:583-594. Carrera,
A. L., C. L. Sain, and M. B. Bertiller. 2000. Patterns of nitrogen
conservation in shrubs and grasses in the Patagonian Monte, Argentina. Plant
and Soil 224:185-193. Cayan,
D. R., and R. H. Webb. 1992. El Nino/Southern Oscillation and streamflow in
the western United States. Pages 29-69 in H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf,
editors. El Nino Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern
Oscillation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Cayan,
D. R., M. D. Dettinger, H. F. Diaz, and N. E. Graham. 1998. Decadal
Variability of Precipitation over Western North America. Journal of Climate
11:3148-3166. Cayan,
D. R., K. T. Redmond, and L. G. Riddle. 1999. ENSO and Hydrologic Extremes
in the Western United States. Journal of Climate 12:2881-2893. Chesson,
P. L. 1985. Coexistence of competitors in spatially and temporally varying
environments: A look at the combined effects of different sorts of
variability. Theoretical Population Biology 28:263-287. Chesson,
P. L., and N. Huntly. 1988. Community consequences of life-history traits in
a variable environment. Annales Zoologici Fennici 25:5-16. Chesson,
P., and N. Huntly. 1989. Short-term instabilities and long-term community
dynamics. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 4:293-298. Chesson,
P. L. 1990. Geometry, heterogeneity and competition in variable
environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B
Biological Sciences 330:165-173. Chesson,
P. 1991. A need for niches? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6:26-28. Chesson,
P., and N. Huntly. 1993. Temporal hierarchies of variation and the
maintenance of diversity. Plant Species Biology 8:195-206. Chesson,
P. 1994. Multispecies competition in variable environments. Theoretical
Population Biology 45:227-276. Chesson,
P., and N. Huntly. 1997. The roles of harsh and fluctuating conditions in
the dynamics of ecological communities. American Naturalist 150:519-553. Chesson,
P. 2000. Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annual Review of
Ecology and Systematics 31:343-+. Chesson,
P., S. Pacala, and C. Neuhauser. 2001. Environmental niches and ecosystem
functioning. Pages 213-245 in A. Kinzig, S. Pacala, and D. Tilman, editors.
The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity. Princeton University Press,
Princeton, New Jersey. Cioccale,
M. A. 1999. Climatic fluctuations in the Central Region of Argentina in the
last 1000 years. Quaternary International 62:35-47. Clark,
J. S., S. R. Carpenter, M. Barber, S. Collins, A. Dobson, J. A. Foley, D. M.
Lodge, M. Pascual, R. Pielke, Jr., W. Pizer, C. Pringle, W. V. Reid, K. A.
Rose, O. Sala, W. H. Schlesinger, D. H. Wall, and D. Wear. 2001. Ecological
forecasts: An emerging imperative. Science 293:657-660. Clothier,
B. E., and S. R. Green. 1997. Roots: The big movers or water and chemical in
soil. Soil Science 162:534-543. Cody,
M. L. 1986. Structural niches in plant communities. Pages 381-405 in J.
Diamond and T. J. Case, editors. Community Ecology. Harper & Row, New
York. Cody,
M. L. 1986. Spacing patterns in Mojave Desert (USA) plant communities:
Nearest-neighbor analyses. Journal of Arid Environments 11:199-218. Cody,
M. L. 1989. Growth-form diversity and community structure in desert plants.
Journal of Arid Environments 17:199-210. Cody,
M. L. 1991. Niche theory and plant growth form. Vegetatio 97:39-55. Cohen,
D. 1970. The expected efficiency of water utilization in plants under
different competition and selection regimes. Israel Journal of Botany
19:50-54. Colasanti,
R. L., and J. P. Grime. 1993. Resource dynamics and vegetation processes: A
deterministic model using two-dimensional cellular automata. Functional
Ecology 7:169-176. Coleman,
J. S., and F. A. Bazzaz. 1992. Effects of carbon dioxide and temperature on
growth and resource use of co-occurring C-3 and C-4 annuals. Ecology
73:1244-1259. Comstock,
J. P., and J. R. Ehleringer. 1992. Plant adaptation in the Great Basin and
Colorado Plateau. Great Basin Naturalist 52:195-215. Cowling,
R. M., K. J. Esler, G. F. Midgley, and M. A. Honig. 1994. Plant functional
diversity, species diversity and climate in arid and semi-arid southern
Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 27:141-158. Cowling,
R. M., P. J. Mustart, H. Laurie, and M. B. Richards. 1994. Species
diversity; functional diversity and functional redundancy in fynbos
communities. South African Journal of Science 90:333-337. Cui,
M., and S. Nobel Park. 1992. Nutrient status, water uptake and gas exchange
for three desert succulents infected with mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist
122:643-649. Cui,
M., and S. Nobel Park. 1994. Water budgets and root hydraulic conductivity
of opuntias shifted to low temperatures. International Journal of Plant
Sciences 155:167-172. Cui,
M., and M. Caldwell Martyn. 1996. Facilitation of plant phosphate
acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizas from enriched soil patches. II. Hyphae
exploiting root-free soil. New Phytologist 133:461-467. Cui,
M., and M. M. Caldwell. 1997. A large ephemeral release of nitrogen upon
wetting of dry soil and corresponding root responses in the field. Plant and
Soil 191:291-299. Cui,
M., and M. M. Caldwell. 1997. Growth and nitrogen uptake by Agropyron
desertorum and Pseudoroegneria spicata when exposed to nitrate pulses of
different duration. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 24:637-642. Cui,
M., and M. M. Caldwell. 1998. Nitrate and phosphate uptake by Agropyron
desertorum and Artemisia tridentata from soil patches with balanced and
unbalanced nitrate and phosphate supply. New Phytologist 139:267-272. D'Odorico,
P., L. Ridolfi, A. Porporato, and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe. 2000. Preferential
states of seasonal soil moisture: The impact of climate fluctuations. Water
Resources Research 36:2209-2219. Davenport,
D. W., D. D. Breshears, B. P. Wilcox, and C. D. Allen. 1998. Viewpoint:
Sustainability of pinon-juniper ecosystems - a unifying perspective of soil
erosion thresholds. Journal of Range Management 51:231-240. Davenport
David, W., P. Wilcox Bradford, and D. Breshears David. 1996. Soil morphology
of canopy and intercanopy sites in a Pinon-Juniper Woodland. Soil Science
Society of America Journal 60:1881-1887. Davis,
M. A., J. P. Grime, and K. Thompson. 2000. Fluctuating resources in plant
communities: A general theory of invasibility. Journal of Ecology
88:528-534. Dawson,
T. E. 1993. Hydraulic lift and water use by plants: Implications for water
balance, performance and plant-plant interactions. Oecologia 95:565-574. De
Soyza, A., A. C. Franco, R. A. Virginia, J. F. Reynolds, and W. G. Whitford.
1996. Effects of plant size on photosynthesis and water relations in the
desert shrub Prosopis glandulosa (Fabaceae). American Journal of Botany
83:99-105. Derner,
J. D., and D. D. Briske. 1998. An isotopic (15N) assessment of intraclonal
regulation in C4 perennial grasses: Ramet interdependence, independence or
both? Journal of Ecology 86:305-314. Dettinger,
M. D., D. R. Cayan, H. F. Diaz, and D. M. Meko. 1998. North-South
Precipitation Patterns in Western North America on Interannual-to-Decadal
Timescales. Journal of Climate 11:3095-3111. Devitt,
D. A., J. M. Piorkowski, S. D. Smith, J. R. Cleverly, and A. Sala. 1997.
Plant water relations of Tamarix ramosissima in response to the imposition
and alleviation of soil moisture stress. Journal of Arid Environments
36:527-540. Dickmann,
D. I., P. V. Nguyen, and K. S. Pregitzer. 1996. Effects of irrigation and
coppicing on above-ground growth, physiology, and fine-root dynamics of two
field-grown hybrid poplar clones. Forest Ecology and Management 80:163-174. Distel,
R. A., D. V. Pelaez, R. M. Boo, M. D. Mayor, and O. R. Elia. 1996. Growth of
Prosopis caldenia seedlings in the field as related to grazing history of
the site and in a greenhouse as related to different levels of competition
from Stipa tenuis. Journal of Arid Environments 32:251-257. Dodd,
M. B., W. K. Lauenroth, and J. M. Welker. 1998. Differential water resource
use by herbaceous and woody plant life-forms in a shortgrass steppe
community. Oecologia 117:504-512. Donovan,
L. A., and J. R. Ehleringer. 1991. Ecophysiological differences among
juvenile and reproductive plants of several woody species. Oecologia
86:594-597. Donovan,
L. A., and J. R. Ehleringer. 1992. Contrasting water-use patterns among size
and life-history classes of a semi-arid shrub. Functional Ecology 6:482-488. Donovan,
L. A., J. Mausberg, and J. Ehleringer, R. 1993. Seedling size and survival
for Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Great Basin Naturalist 53:237-245. Donovan,
L. A., and J. R. Ehleringer. 1994. Water stress and use of summer
precipitation in a Great Basin shrub community. Functional Ecology
8:289-297. Donovan,
L. A., and J. R. Ehleringer. 1994. Potential for selection on plants for
water-use efficiency as estimated by carbon isotope discrimination. American
Journal of Botany 81:927-935. Donovan,
L. A., and J. R. Ehleringer. 1994. Carbon isotope discrimination, water-use
efficiency, growth and mortality in a natural shrub population. Oecologia
100:347-354. Donovan,
L. A., M. J. Linton, and J. H. Richards. 2001. Predawn plant water potential
does not necessarily equilibrate with soil water potential under
well-watered conditions. Oecologia 129:328-335. Dougherty,
R. L., W. K. Lauenroth, and J. S. Singh. 1996. Response of a grassland
cactus to frequency and size of rainfall events in a North American
shortgrass steppe. Journal of Ecology 84:177-183. Duke,
S. E., and M. M. Caldwell. 2000. Phosphate uptake kinetics of Artemisia
tridentata roots exposed to multiple soil enriched-nutrient patches. Flora
195:154-164. Duke,
S. E., and M. M. Caldwell. 2001. Nitrogen acquisition from different spatial
distributions by six Great Basin plant species. Western North American
Naturalist 61:93-102. Edwards,
W. R. N., P. G. Jarvis, J. Grace, and J. B. Moncrieff. 1994. Reversing
cavitation in tracheids of Pinus sylvestris L. under negative water
potentials. Plant Cell and Environment 17:389-397. Ehleringer,
J. R. 1984. Intraspecific competitive effects on water relations, growth and
reproduction in Encelia farinosa. Oecologia 63:153-158. Ehleringer,
J. R., S. L. Phillips, W. S. F. Schuster, and D. R. Sandquist. 1991.
Differential utilization of summer rains by desert plants. Oecologia
88:430-434. Ehleringer,
J. R., S. L. Phillips, and J. P. Comstock. 1992. Seasonal variation in the
carbon isotopic composition of desert plants. Functional Ecology 6:396-404. Ehleringer,
J. R., H. A. Mooney, P. W. Rundel, R. D. Evans, B. Palma, and J. Delatorre.
1992. Lack of nitrogen cycling in the Atacama Desert. Nature 359:316-318. Ehleringer,
J. R., P. W. Rundel, B. Palma, and H. A. Mooney. 1998. Carbon isotope ratios
of Atacama Desert plants reflect hyperaridity of region in northern Chile.
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 71:79-86. Ehleringer,
J. R., S. Schwinning, and R. Gebauer. 2000. Water use in arid land
ecosystems. Pages 347-365 in M. C. Press, J. D. Scholes, and M. G. Barker,
editors. Physiological Plant Ecology. Blackwell Science, Boston. Eissenstat,
D. M., and M. M. Caldwell. 1988. Competitive Ability Is Linked to Rates of
Water Extraction a Field Study of Two Aridland Tussock Grasses. Oecologia
75:1-7. Eissenstat,
D. M., and M. M. Caldwell. 1989. Invasive Root Growth Into Disturbed Soil of
Two Tussock Grasses That Differ in Competitive Effectiveness. Functional
Ecology 3:345-354. Eissenstat,
D. M., and R. D. Yanai. 1997. The ecology of root life span. Advances in
Ecological Research 27:1-60. Ely,
L. L., Y. Enzel, and D. R. Cayan. 1994. Anomalous North Pacific atmospheric
circulation and large winter floods in the southwestern United States.
Journal of Climate 7:977-987. Epstein,
H. E., W. K. Lauenroth, I. C. Burke, and D. P. Coffin. 1996. Ecological
responses of dominant grasses along two climatic gradients in the Great
Plains of the United States. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:777-788. Epstein,
H. E., W. K. Lauenroth, and I. C. Burke. 1997. Productivity patterns of C3
and C4 functional types in the U.S. Great Plains. Ecology 1997:722-731. Epstein,
H. E., I. C. Burke, and W. K. Lauenroth. 1999. Response of the shortgrass
steppe to changes in rainfall seasonality. Ecosystems 2:139-150. Evans,
R. D., R. A. Black, and S. O. Link. 1991. Reproductive growth during drought
in Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Functional Ecology 5:676-683. Evans,
R. D., R. A. Black, W. H. Loescher, and R. J. Fellows. 1992. Osmotic
relations of the drought-tolerant shrub Artemisia tridentata in response to
water stress. Plant Cell and Environment 15:49-60. Evans,
R. D., and J. R. Ehleringer. 1993. A break in the nitrogen cycle in arid
lands? Evidence from nitrogen-15 of soils. Oecologia Heidelberg 94:314-317. Evans,
R. D., and R. A. Black. 1993. Growth, photosynthesis, and resource
investment for vegetative and reproductive modules of Artemisia tridentata.
Ecology Washington D C 74:1516-1528. Evans,
R. D., and J. R. Ehleringer. 1994. Water and nitrogen dynamics in an arid
woodland. Oecologia Berlin 99:233-242. Evans,
R. D., and J. Belnap. 1999. Long-term consequences of disturbance on
nitrogen dynamics in an arid ecosystem. Ecology 80:150-160. Evans,
R. D., J. Belnap, F. Garcia-Pichel, and S. L. Phillips. 2001. Global change
and the future of biological soil crusts. Pages 417-430 in J. Belnap and O.
L. Lange, editors. Biological soil crusts: Structure, function, and
management. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg,Berlin, New York. Feddes,
R. A., H. Hoff, M. Bruen, T. Dawson, P. de Rosnay, O. Dirmeyer, R. B.
Jackson, P. Kabat, A. Kleidon, A. Lilly, and A. J. Pitman. 2001. Modeling
root water uptake in hydrological and climate models. Bulletin of the
American Meteorological Society 82:2797-2809. Fernandez,
O. A., and M. M. Caldwell. 1975. Phenology and dynamics of root growth of
three cool semi-desert shrubs under field conditions. Journal of Ecology
63:703-714. Fernandez,
R. J., and J. F. Reynolds. 2000. Potential growth and drought tolerance of
eight desert grasses: Lack of a trade-off? Oecologi 123:90-98. Fisher,
S. G., and N. B. Grimm. 1985. Hydrologic and Material Budgets For a Small
Sonoran Desert Watershed Arizona Usa During Three Consecutive Cloudburst
Floods. Journal of Arid Environments 9:105-118. Fitter,
A. H. 1994. Architecture and biomass allocation as components of the plastic
response of root systems to soil heterogeneity. Pages 305-322 in M. M.
Caldwell and R. W. Pearcy, editors. Exploitation of environmental
heterogeneity by plants. Ecophysiological processes above and below ground.
Academic Press Inc., San Diego. Flanagan,
L. B., and J. R. Ehleringer. 1998. Ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 exchange:
Interpreting signals of change using stable isotope ratios. Trends in
Ecology and Evolution 13:10-14. Fowler,
A. M., and K. J. Hennessy. 1995. Potential impacts of global warming on the
frequency and magnitude of heavy precipitation. Natural Hazards 11:283-303. Francovizcaino,
E. 1994. Water Regime in Soils and Plants Along an Aridity Gradient in
Central Baja-California, Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments 27:309-323. Gebauer,
R. L. E., and J. R. Ehleringer. 2000. Water and nitrogen uptake patterns
following moisture pulses in a cold desert community. Ecology 81:1415-1424. Gibbens,
R. P., and J. M. Lenz. 2001. Root systems of some Chihuahuan Desert plants.
Journal of Arid Environments 49:221-263. Gill,
R., C. Burke Ingrid, G. Milchunas Daniel, and K. Lauenroth William. 1999.
Relationship between root biomass and soil organic matter pools in the
shortgrass steppe of eastern Colorado. Ecosystems 2:226-236. Gold,
W. G., and L. C. Bliss. 1995. Water limitations and plant community
development in a polar desert. Ecology 76:1558-1568. Goldberg,
D. E., and R. M. Turner. 1986. Vegetation Change and Plant Demography in
Permanent Plots in the Sonoran Desert Usa. Ecology 67:695-712. Goldberg,
D., and A. Novoplansky. 1997. On the relative importance of competition in
unproductive environments. Journal of Ecology 85:409-418. Goldberg,
D. E., R. Turkington, L. Olsvig Whittaker, and A. R. Dyer. 2001. Density
dependence in an annual plant community: Variation among life history
stages. Ecological Monographs 71:423-446. Golluscio,
R. A., O. E. Sala, and W. K. Lauenroth. 1998. Differential use of large
summer rainfall events by shrubs and grasses: A manipulative experiment in
the Patagonian steppe. Oecologia 115:17-25. Groeneveld,
D. P., and D. E. Crowley. 1988. Root System Response to Flooding in Three
Desert Shrub Species. Functional Ecology 2:491-498. Groeters,
F. R., and H. Dingle. 1987. Genetic and maternal influences on life history
plasticity in response to photoperiod by milkweed bugs (Oncopeltus
fasciatus). American Naturalist 129:332-346. Gross,
K. L., D. Maruca, and K. S. Pregitzer. 1992. Seedling growth and root
morphology of plants with different life-histories. New Phytologist
120:535-542. Gross,
K. L., A. Peters, and K. S. Pregitzer. 1993. Fine root growth and
demographic responses to nutrient patches in four old-field plant species.
Oecologia 95:61-64. Grover,
J. P. 1988. Dynamics of competition in a variable environment: Experiments
with two diatom species. Ecology 69:408-417. Grover,
J. P. 1990. Resource competition in a variable environment: Phytoplankton
growing according to Monod's model. American Naturalist 136:771-789. Grover,
J. P. 1991. Resource competition in a variable environment: Phytoplankton
growing according to the variable-internal-stores model. American Naturalist
138:811-835. Guo,
Q., D. B. Thompson, T. J. Valone, and J. H. Brown. 1995. The effects of
vertebrate granivores and folivores on plant community structure in the
Chihuahuan Desert. Oikos 73:251-259. Guo,
Q., and H. Brown James. 1996. Temporal fluctuations and experimental effects
in desert plant communities. Oecologia Berlin 107:568-577. Gutierrez,
J. R. 1992. Effects of Low Water Supplementation and Nutrient Addition On
the Aboveground Biomass Production of Annual Plants in a Chilean Coastal
Desert Site. Oecologia 90:556-559. Gutierrez,
J. R., and H. Vasquez. 1996. The effects of water and nutrient addition on
annual aboveground biomass production of Chenopodium petiolare H.B.K.
(Chenopodiaceae) in a north-central Chilean old field. Ecoscience 3:211-215. Gutterman,
Y., and S. Gozlan. 1998. Amounts of winter or summer rain triggering
germination and 'the point of no return' of seedling desiccation tolerance,
of some Hordeum spontaneum local ecotypes in Israel. Plant and Soil
204:223-234. Hacke,
U. G., J. S. Sperry, B. E. Ewers, D. S. Ellsworth, K. V. R. Schäfer, and R.
Oren. 2000. Influence of soil porosity on water use in Pinus taeda.
Oecologia 124:495-505. Handley,
L. L., A. T. Austin, D. Robinson, C. M. Scrimgeour, J. A. Raven, T. H. E.
Heaton, S. Schmidt, and G. R. Stewart. 1999. The 15N natural abundance
(delta15N) of ecosystem samples reflects measures of water availability.
Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 26:185-199. Hendrick,
R. L., and K. S. Pregitzer. 1993. The dynamics of fine root length, biomass,
and nitrogen content in two northern hardwood ecosystems. Canadian Journal
of Forest Research 23:2507-2520. Hendrick,
R. L., and K. S. Pregitzer. 1996. Temporal and depth-related patterns of
fine root dynamics in northern hardwood forests. Journal of Ecology
84:167-176. Henkin,
Z., N. a. G. Seligman, U. Kafkafi, and I. Noy-Meir. 1998. 'Effective growing
days': A simple predictive model of the response of herbaceous plant growth
in a Mediterranean ecosystem to variation in rainfall and phosphorus
availability. Journal of Ecology 86:137-148. Heske,
E. J., J. H. Brown, and Q. Guo. 1993. Effects of kangaroo rat exclusion on
vegetation structure and plant species diversity in the Chihuahuan Desert.
Oecologia 95:520-524. Hodge,
A., J. Stewart, D. Robinson, B. S. Griffiths, and A. H. Fitter. 1999. Plant,
soil fauna and microbial responses to N-rich organic patches of contrasting
temporal availability. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. Oct., 1999;
31:1517-1530. FTXT: ScienceDirect (tm)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_origin=SilverLinker&_urlversion=1514&_method=citationSearch&_volkey=0038%1512d0717%2331%231517%232311&_version=231511&md231515=231520dccbadc231514b231519e231510ce231590f231513be231581aa231557a231513
ScienceDirect (China)
http://elsevier.lib.tsinghua.edu.cn/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_origin=SilverLinker&_urlversion=231514&_method=citationSearch&_volkey=230038%231512d230717%232331%231517%232311&_version=231511&md231515=231520dccbadc231514b231519e231510ce231590f231513be231581aa231557a231513
ScienceDirect (Taiwan)
http://sdos.ejournal.ascc.net/science?_ob=GatewayURL&_origin=SilverLinker&_urlversion=231514&_method=citationSearch&_volkey=230038%231512d230717%232331%231517%232311&_version=231511&md231515=231520dccbadc231514b231519e231510ce231590f231513be231581aa231557a231513. Hooper,
D. U., and L. Johnson. 1999. Nitrogen limitation in dryland ecosystems:
Responses to geographical and temporal variation in precipitation.
Biogeochemistry 46:247-293. Horton,
J. L., and J. L. Clark. 2001. Water table decline alters growth and survival
of Salix gooddingii and Tamarix chinensis seedlings. Forest Ecology and
Management 140:239-247. Horwath,
W. R., E. A. Paul, and K. S. Pregitzer. 1992. Injection of nitrogen-15 into
trees to study nitrogen cycling in soil. Soil Science Society of America
Journal 56:316-319. Hsiao,
T. C., and L. K. Xu. 2000. Sensitivity of growth of roots versus leaves to
water stress: biophysical analysis and relation to water transport. Journal
of Experimental Botany 51:1595-1616. Humphrey,
L. D., and D. A. Pyke. 1998. Demographic and growth responses of a guerrilla
and a phalanx perennial grass in competitive mixtures. Journal of Ecology
86:854-865. Hunt,
E. R. J., and P. S. Nobel. 1987. A two-dimensional model for water uptake by
desert succulents: Implications of root distribution. Annals of Botany
59:559-570. Hunt,
E. R. J., and P. S. Nobel. 1987. Allometric root/shoot relationships and
predicted water uptake for desert succulents. Annals of Botany 59:571-578. Hunt,
E. R. J., N. J. D. Zakir, and P. S. Nobel. 1987. Water costs and water
revenues for established and rain-induced roots of Agave deserti. Functional
Ecology 1:125-130. Hunt,
E. R. J., and P. S. Nobel. 1987. Non-steady-state water flow for three
desert perennials with different capacitances. Australian Journal of Plant
Physiology 14:363-376. Huston,
M. A., and D. L. Deangelis. 1994. Competition and coexistence: The effects
of resource transport and supply rates. American Naturalist 144:954-977. Hutchings,
M. J. 1999. Clonal plants as cooperative systems: Benefits in heterogeneous
environments. Plant Species Biology 14:1-10. IPCC.
1996. Climate Change 1995. Contribution of Working group I to the Second
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Ives,
A. R., and E. D. Klopfer. 1997. Spatial variation in abundance created by
stochastic temporal. Ecology 78:1907-1913. Jackson,
L. E., and J. Roy. 1986. Growth Patterns of Mediterranean Annual and
Perennial Grasses Under Simulated Rainfall Regimes of Southern France and
California Usa. Acta Oecologica Oecologia Plantarum 7:191-212. Jackson,
L. E., R. B. Strauss, M. K. Firestone, and J. W. Bartolome. 1988. Plant and
Soil Nitrogen Dynamics in California Usa Annual Grassland. Plant and Soil
110:9-18. Jackson,
R. B., and M. M. Caldwell. 1989. The Timing and Degree of Root Proliferation
in Fertile-Soil Microsites For Three Cold-Desert Perennials. Oecologia
81:149-153. Jackson,
R. B., and M. M. Caldwell. 1993. The scale of nutrient heterogeneity around
individual plants and its quantification with geostatistics. Ecology
74:612-614. Jackson,
R. B., and M. M. Caldwell. 1994. Belowground competition in the
sagebrush-steppe: Experimental evidence and conclusions from modeling.
American Journal of Botany 81:36. Jackson,
R. B., J. Canadell, J. R. Ehleringer, H. A. Mooney, O. E. Sala, and E. D.
Schulze. 1996. A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial
biomes. Oecologia 108:389-411. Jackson,
R. B., H. J. Schenk, E. G. Jobbagy, J. Canadell, G. D. Colello, R. E.
Dickinson, C. B. Field, P. Friedlingstein, M. Heimann, K. Hibbard, D. W.
Kicklighter, A. Kleidon, R. P. Neilson, W. J. Parton, O. E. Sala, and M. T.
Sykes. 2000. Belowground consequences of vegetation change and their
treatment in models. Ecological Applications 10:470-483. Jackson,
R. B., J. S. Sperry, and T. E. Dawson. 2000. Root water uptake and
transport: using physiological processes in global predictions. Trends in
Plant Science 5:482-488. Jeltsch,
F., T. Stephan, T. Wiegand, and E. Weber Gerhard. 2001. Arid rangeland
management supported by dynamic spatially explicit simulation models. Pages
229-240 in S. W. Breckle, M. Veste, and W. Wucherer, editors. Sustainable
land use in deserts. Springer Verlag, Heidelber, Berlin, New York. Johansen,
M. P., T. E. Hakonson, and D. D. Breshears. 2001. Post-fire runoff and
erosion from rainfall simulation: contrasting forests with shrublands and
grasslands. Hydrological Processes 15:2953-2965. Joseph,
R., M. F. Ting, and P. Kumar. 2000. Multiple-scale spatio-temporal
variability of precipitation over the coterminous United States. Journal of
Hydrometeorology 1:373-392. Kachi,
N., and I. H. Rorison. 1990. Effects of nutrient depletion on growth of
Holcus lanatus L. and Festuca ovina L. and on the ability of their roots to
absorb nitrogen at warm and cool temperatures. New Phytologist 115:531-538. Kadmon,
R., and A. Shmida. 1990. Competition in a variable environment: An
experimental study in a desert annual plant population. Israel Journal of
Botany Basic and Applied Plant Sciences 39:403-412. Kadmon,
R., and A. Shmida. 1990. Patterns and causes of spatial variation of the
reproductive success of a desert annual. Oecologia 83:139-144. Kadmon,
R. 1993. Population dynamic consequences of habitat heterogeneity: An
experimental study. Ecology 74:816-825. Kalin,
A. M. T., F. A. Squeo, J. J. Armesto, and C. Villagran. 1988. Effects of
aridity on plant diversity in the northern Chilean Andes: Results of a
natural experiment. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75:55-78. Kalin,
A. M. T., C. Castor, C. Marticorena, M. Munoz, L. Cavieres, O. Matthei, F.
A. Squeo, M. Grosjean, and R. Rodriguez. 1998. The flora of Llullaillaco
National Park located in the transitional winter-summer rainfall area of the
Northern Chilean Andes. Gayana Botanica 55:93-110. Katul,
G., P. Todd, D. Pataki, Z. J. Kabala, and R. Oren. 1997. Soil water
depletion by oak trees and the influence of root water uptake on the
moisture content spatial statistics. Water Resources Research 33:611-623. Kemp,
P. R., J. M. Cornelius, and J. F. Reynolds. 1992. A Simple Model For
Predicting Soil Temperatures in Desert Ecosystems. Soil Science 153:280-287. Kemp,
P. R., J. M. Cornelius, and J. F. Reynolds. 1994. Temporal discontinuities
in precipitation in the central North American prairie. International
Journal of Climatology 14:539-557. Kemp,
P. R., J. F. Reynolds, Y. Pachepsky, and J. L. Chen. 1997. A comparative
modeling study of soil water dynamics in a desert ecosystem. Water Resources
Research 33:73-90. Knoop,
W. T., and B. H. Walker. 1985. Interactions of Woody and Herbaceous
Vegetation in a Southern African Savanna. Journal of Ecology 73:235-254. Kolb,
K. J., and J. S. Sperry. 1999. Transport constraints on water use by the
Great Basin shrub, Artemisia tridentata. Plant Cell and Environment
22:925-935. Kolb,
K. J., and J. S. Sperry. 1999. Differences in drought adaptation between
subspecies of sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). Ecology 80:2373-2384. Kremer,
R. G., E. R. Hunt, S. W. Running, and J. C. Coughlan. 1996. Simulating
vegetational and hydrologic responses to natural climatic variation and
GCM-predicted climate change in a semi- arid ecosystem in Washington, USA.
Journal of Arid Environments 33:23-38. Lai,
C. T., and G. Katul. 2000. The dynamic role of root-water uptake in coupling
potential to actual transpiration. Advances in Water Resources 23:427-439. Laio,
F., A. Porporato, L. Ridolfi, and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe. 2001. Plants in
water-controlled ecosystems: active role in hydrologic processes and
response to water stress II. Probabilistic soil moisture dynamics. Advances
in Water Resources 24:707-723. Laio,
F., A. Porporato, C. Fernandez-Illescas, and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe. 2001.
Plants in water-controlled ecosystems: active role in hydrologic processes
and response to water stress IV. Discussion of real cases. Advances in Water
Resources 24:745-762. Lande,
R., E. Saether Bernt, and S. Engen. 1997. Threshold harvesting for
sustainability of fluctuating resources. Ecology 78:1341-1350. Lane,
D. R., D. P. Collin, and W. K. Lauenroth. 1998. Effects of soil texture and
precipitation on above-ground net primary productivity and vegetation
structure across the Central Grassland region of the United States. Journal
of Vegetation Science 9:239-250. Lane,
D. R., D. P. Coffin, and W. K. Lauenroth. 2000. Changes in grassland canopy
structure across a precipitation gradient. Journal of Vegetation Science
11:359-368. Lange,
O. L., J. Belnap, H. Reichenberger, and A. Meyer. 1997. Photosynthesis of
green algal soil crust lichens farm arid lands in southern Utah, USA: Role
of water content on light and temperature responses of CO-2 exchange. Flora
Jena 192:1-15. Lange,
O. L. 2001. Photosynthesis of soil crust biota as dependent on environmental
factors. Pages 217-240 in Biological soil crusts: Structure, function, and
management. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg,Berlin, New York. Lauenroth,
W. K., O. E. Sala, D. G. Milchunas, and R. W. Lathrop. 1987. Root dynamics
of Bouteloua gracilis during short-term recovery from drought. Functional
Ecology 1:117-124. Lauenroth,
W. K., O. E. Sala, D. P. Coffin, and T. B. Kirchner. 1994. The importance of
soil water in the recruitment of Bouteloua gracilis in the shortgrass
steppe. Ecological Applications 4:741-749. Lauenroth,
W. K., I. C. Burke, and J. M. Paruelo. 2000. Patterns of production and
precipitation-use efficiency of winter wheat and native grasslands in the
central Great Plains of the United States. Ecosystems 3:344-351. Lavorel,
S., and P. Chesson. 1995. How species with different regeneration niches
coexist in patchy habitats with local disturbances. Oikos 74:103-114. Le
Houerou, H. N. 1984. Rain use efficiency: a unifying concept in arid-land
ecology. Journal of Arid Environments 7:213-247. Le
Houerou, H. N., R. L. Bingham, and W. Skerbek. 1988. Relationship Between
the Variability of Primary Production and the Variability of Annual
Precipitation in World Arid Lands. Journal of Arid Environments 15:1-18. Levins,
R. 1979. Coexistence in a variable environment. Anerican Naturalist:765-783. Lhomme,
J. P. 1998. Formulation of root water uptake in a multi-layer soil-plant
model: does van den Honert's equation hold? Hydrology and Earth System
Sciences 2:31-40. Li,
T., H. Xiao, and X. Li. 2001. Modeling the effects of crust on rain
infiltration in vegetated sand dunes in arid desert. Arid Land Research and
Management 15:41-48. Li,
K. Y., R. De Jong, and J. B. Boisvert. 2001. An exponential
root-water-uptake model with water stress compensation. Journal of Hydrology
252:189-204. Lin,
G., S. L. Phillips, and J. R. Ehleringer. 1996. Monsoonal precipitation
responses of shrubs in a cold desert community on the Colorado Plateau.
Oecologia 106:8-17. Lipson,
D. A., S. K. Schmidt, and R. K. Monson. 1999. Links between microbial
population dynamics and nitrogen availability in an alpine ecosystem.
Ecology 80:1623-1631. Liu,
X. Y., W. C. Lindemann, W. G. Whitford, and R. L. Steiner. 2000. Microbial
diversity and activity of disturbed soil in the northern Chihuahuan Desert.
Biology and Fertility of Soils 32:243-249. Ludwig,
J. A., W. G. Whitford, and J. M. Cornelius. 1989. Effects of Water Nitrogen
and Sulfur Amendments On Cover Density and Size of Chihuahuan Desert New
Mexico Usa Ephemerals. Journal of Arid Environments 16:35-42. Mabry,
C. M., M. Jasienski, J. S. Coleman, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1997. Genotypic
variation in Polygonum pensylvanicum: Nutrient effects on plant growth and
aphid infestation. Canadian Journal of Botany 75:546-551. Magnani,
F., and M. Borghetti. 1995. Interpretation of seasonal changes of xylem
embolism and plant hydraulic resistance in Fagus sylvatica. Plant Cell and
Environment 18:689-696. Mahoney,
J. M., and S. B. Rood. 1998. Streamflow requirements for cottonwood seedling
recruitment: An integrative model. Wetlands . Dec. 18:634-645. Mandujano,
M. C., M. Franco, J. Golubov, C. Montaña, and A. Flores-Martínez. 2001.
Integration of demographic annual variability in a clonal desert cactus.
Ecology 82:344–359. Martens,
S. N., D. D. Breshears, C. W. Meyer, and F. J. Barnes. 1997. Scales of
above-ground and below-ground competition in a semi-arid woodland detected
from spatial pattern. Journal of Vegetation Science 8:655-664. Martens,
S. N., D. D. Breshears, and F. J. Barnes. 2001. Development of species
dominance along an elevational gradient: Population dynamics of Pinus edulis
and Juniperus monosperma. International Journal of Plant Sciences
162:777-783. Martinez
Meza, E., and W. G. Whitford. 1996. Stemflow, throughfall and channelization
of stemflow by roots in three Chihuahuan desert shrubs. Journal of Arid
Environments 32:271-287. McCully,
M. E. 1999. Root xylem embolisms and refilling. Relation to water potentials
of soil, roots, and leaves, and osmotic potentials of root xylem sap. Plant
Physiology 119:1001-1008. McIvor,
J. G., J. Williams, and C. J. Gardener. 1995. Pasture management influences
runoff and soil movement in the semi-arid tropics. Australian Journal of
Experimental Agriculture 35:55-65. Miao,
S. L., and F. A. Bazzaz. 1990. Responses to nutrient pulses of two
colonizers requiring different disturbance frequencies. Ecology
71:2166-2178. Miao,
S. L., F. A. Bazzaz, and R. B. Primack. 1991. Effects of maternal nutrient
pulse on reproduction of two colonizing Plantago spp. Ecology 72:586-596. Miao,
S. L., F. A. Bazzaz, and R. B. Primack. 1991. Persistence of maternal
nutrient effects in Plantago major: The third generation. Ecology
72:1634-1642. Midwood,
A. J., T. W. Boutton, S. R. Archer, and S. E. Watts. 1998. Water use by
woody plants on contrasting soils in a savanna parkland: Assessment with
delta2H and delta18O. Plant and Soil 205:13-24. Milchunas,
D. G., and W. K. Lauenroth. 2001. Belowground primary production by carbon
isotope decay and long-term root biomass dynamics. Ecosystem 4:139-150. Milton,
S. J., and T. Wiegand. 2001. How grazing turns rare seedling recruitment
events to non-events in arid environments. Pages 197-207 in S. W. Breckle,
M. Veste, and W. Wucherer, editors. Sustainable land use in deserts.
Springer Verlag, Heidelber, Berlin, New York. Mitsunaga,
T., and K. Fuji. 1997. The effects of spatial and temporal environmental
heterogeneities on persistence in a laboratory experimental community.
Researches on Population Ecology 39:249-260. Montana,
C., B. Cavagnaro, and O. Briones. 1995. Soil water by co-existing shrubs and
grasses in the Southern Chihuahuan Desert, Mexico. Journal of Arid
Environments 31:1-13. Moorhead,
D. L., and J. F. Reynolds. 1991. A General Model of Litter Decomposition in
the Northern Chihuahuan Desert. Ecological Modelling 56:197-220. Musters,
P. A. D., and W. Bouten. 2000. A method for identifying optimum strategies
of measuring soil water contents for calibrating a root water uptake model.
Journal of Hydrology 227:273-286. Nardini,
A., and F. Pitt. 1999. Drought resistance of Quercus pubescens as a function
of root hydraulic conductance, xylem embolism and hydraulic architecture.
New Phytologist 143:485-493. Nicholson,
S. E., and T. J. Farrar. 1994. The influence of soil type on the
relationships between NDVI, rainfall, and soil moisture in semiarid
Botswana. 1. NDVI response to rainfall. Remote Sens. Environ. 50:107-120. Nilsen,
E. T., M. R. Sharifi, P. W. Rundel, I. N. Forseth, and J. R. Ehleringer.
1990. Water relations of stem succulent trees in north-central Baja
California (Mexico). Oecologia 82:299-303. Nobel,
P. S., F. B. Lopez, and D. M. Alm. 1991. Water uptake and respiration of
root systems of two cacti: Observations and predictions bases on individual
roots. Journal of Experimental Botany 42:1215-1224. Nobel,
P. S., and M. Cui. 1992. Hydraulic conductances of the soil, the root-soil
air gap, and the root: Changes for desert succulents in drying soil. Journal
of Experimental Botany 43:319-326. Nobel,
P. S., D. M. Alm, and J. Cavelier. 1992. Growth respiration, maintenance
respiration and structural-carbon costs for roots of three desert
succulents. Functional Ecology 6:79-85. Nobel,
P. S., and M. Cui. 1992. Shrinkage of attached roots of Opuntia ficus indica
in response to lowered water potentials: Predicted consequences for water
uptake or loss to soil. Annals of Botany 70:485-491. Nobel,
P. S., and M. Cui. 1992. Prediction and measurement of gap water vapor
conductance for roots located concentrically and eccentrically in air gaps.
Plant and Soil 145:157-166. Nobel,
P. S., and D. M. Alm. 1993. Root orientation vs water uptake simulated for
monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous desert succulents by a root-segment
model. Functional Ecology 7:600-609. Nobel,
P. S. 1994. Root-soil responses to water pulses in dry environments. Pages
285-304 in M. M. Caldwell and R. W. Pearcy, editors. Exploitation of
environmental hetrogeneity by plants: ecophysiological processes above and
below ground. Academic Press Inc, San Diego. Novoplansky,
A., and D. E. Goldberg. 2001. Effects of water pulsing on individual
performance and competitive hierarchies in plants. Journal of Vegetation
Science 12:199-208. Novoplansky,
A., and D. Goldberg. 2001. Interactions between neighbour environments and
drought resistance. Journal of Arid Environments 47:11-32. Noy-Meir,
I. 1973. Desert Ecosystems: Environment and Producers. Annual Review of
Ecology and Systematics 4:25-51. Noy-Meir,
I. 1985. Desert Ecosystems structure and function. Pages 92-103 in M.
Evenari, I. Noy-Meir, and D. W. Goodall, editors. Ecosystems of the World.
Elsevier, Amsterdam. Oesterheld,
M., J. Loreti, M. Semmartin, and O. E. Sala. 2001. Inter-annual variation in
primary production of a semi-arid grassland related to previous-year
production. Journal of Vegetation Science 12:137-142. Ojha,
C. S. P., and A. K. Rai. 1996. Nonlinear root-water uptake model. Journal of
Irrigation and Drainage Engineering-Asce 122:198-202. Oren,
R., B. E. Ewers, P. Todd, N. Phillips, and G. Katul. 1998. Water balance
delineates the soil layer in which moisture affects canopy conductance.
Ecological Applications 8:990-1002. Ostfeld,
R. S., and F. Keesing. 2000. Pulsed resources and community dynamics of
consumers in terrestrial ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution
15:232-237. Owen,
A. G., and D. L. Jones. 2001. Competition for amino acids between wheat
roots and rhizosphere microorganisms and the role of amino acids in plant N
acquisition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33:651-657. Pandey,
G. R., D. R. Cayan, and K. P. Georgakakos. 1999. Precipitation structure in
the Sierra Nevada of California during winter. Journal of Geophysical
Research. D. Atmospheres 104:019-012. Panetta,
F. D. 1988. Factors determining seed persistence of Chondrilla juncea L.
(skeleton weed) in southern Western Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology
13:211-224. Paruelo,
J. M., and O. E. Sala. 1995. Water losses in the patagonian steppe: A
modelling approach. Ecology 76:510-520. Paruelo,
J. M., and W. K. Lauenroth. 1995. Regional patterns of normalized difference
vegetation index in North American shrublands and grasslands. Ecology
76:1888-1898. Paruelo,
J. M., and W. K. Lauenroth. 1996. Relative abundance of plant functional
types in grasslands and shrublands of North America. Ecological Applications
6:1212-1224. Paruelo,
J. M., A. Beltran, E. Jobbagy, O. E. Sala, and R. A. Golluscio. 1998. The
climate of Patagonia: General patterns and controls on biotic processes.
Ecologia Austral. 8:85-101. Paruelo,
J. M., E. G. Jobbagy, O. E. Sala, W. K. Lauenroth, and I. C. Burke. 1998.
Functional and structural convergence of temperate grassland and shrubland
ecosystems. Ecological Applications 8:194-206. Paruelo,
J. M., and W. K. Lauenroth. 1998. Interannual variability of NDVI and its
relationship to climate for North American shrublands and grasslands.
Journal of Biogeography 25:721-733. Paruelo,
J. M., W. K. Lauenroth, I. C. Burke, and O. E. Sala. 1999. Grassland
precipitation-use efficiency varies across a resource gradient. Ecosystems
2:64-68. Paruelo,
J. M., O. E. Sala, and A. B. Beltran. 2000. Long-term dynamics of water and
carbon in semi-arid ecosystems: A gradient analysis in the Patagonian
steppe. Plant Ecology 150:133-143. Pelaez,
D. V., R. A. Distel, R. M. Boo, O. R. Elia, and M. D. Mayor. 1994. Water
relations between shrubs and grasses in semi-arid Argentina. Journal of Arid
Environments 27:71-78. Pendall,
E., J. L. Betancourt, and S. W. Leavitt. 1999. Paleoclimatic significance of
deltaD and delta13C values in pinon pine needles from packrat middens
spanning the last 40,000 years. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology
Palaeoecology 147:53-72. Phillips,
S. L., and J. R. Ehleringer. 1995. Limited uptake of summer precipitation by
bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt) and Gambel's oak (Quercus gambelii
Nutt). Trees 9:214-219. Pockman,
W. T., J. S. Sperry, and J. W. O'Leary. 1995. Sustained and significant
negative water pressure in xylem. Nature 378:715-716. Pockman,
W. T., and J. S. Sperry. 1997. Freezing-induced xylem cavitation and the
northern limit of Larrea tridentata. Oecologia 109:19-27. Pockman,
W. T., and J. S. Sperry. 2000. Vulnerability to xylem cavitation and the
distribution of Sonoran desert vegetation. American Journal of Botany
87:1287-1299. Porporato,
A., P. D'Odorico, L. Ridolfi, and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe. 2000. A Spatial Model
for Soil-Atmosphere Interaction: Model Construction and Linear Stability
Analysis. Journal of Hydrometeorology 1:61-74. Porporato,
A., F. Laio, L. Ridolfi, and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe. 2001. Plants in
water-controlled ecosystems: active role in hydrologic processes and
response to water stress III. Vegetation water stress. Advances in Water
Resources 24:725-744. Pregitzer,
K. S., R. L. Hendrick, and R. T. Fogel. 1993. The demography of fine roots
in response to patches of water and nitrogen. New Phytologist 125:575-580. Pregitzer,
K. S., D. R. Zak, P. S. Curtis, M. E. Kubiske, J. A. Teeri, and C. S. Vogel.
1995. Atmospheric CO-2, soil nitrogen and turnover of fine roots. New
Phytologist 129:579-585. Pregitzer,
K. S., M. J. Laskowski, A. J. Burton, V. C. Lessard, and D. R. Zak. 1998.
Variation in sugar maple root respiration with root diameter and soil depth.
Tree Physiology 18:665-670. Price,
M. V., and J. W. Joyner. 1997. What resources are available to desert
granivores: Seed rain or soil seed bank? Ecology 78:764-773. Prince,
S. D., E. B. De Colstoun, and L. L. Kravitz. 1998. Evidence from rain-use
efficiencies does not indicate extensive Sahelian desertification. Global
Change Biology 4:359-374. Rajagopalan,
B., E. Cook, U. Lall, and B. K. Ray. 2000. Spatiotemporal variability of
ENSO and SST teleconnections to summer drought over the United States during
the twentieth century. Journal of Climate 13:4244-4255. Reed,
D. C., A. W. Ebeling, T. W. Anderson, and M. Anghera. 1996. Differential
reproductive responses to fluctuating resources in two seaweeds with
different reproductive strategies. Ecology 77:300-316. Reid,
K. D., B. P. Wilcox, D. D. Breshears, and L. MacDonald. 1999. Runoff and
erosion in a pinon-juniper woodland: Influence of vegetation patches. Soil
Science Society of America Journal 63:1869-1879. Reynolds,
J. F., R. A. Virginia, P. R. Kemp, A. G. de Soyza, and D. C. Tremmel. 1999.
Impact of drought on desert shrubs: Effects of seasonality and degree of
resource island development. Ecological Monographs 69:69-106. Reynolds,
J. F., P. R. Kemp, and J. D. Tenhunen. 2000. Effects of long-term rainfall
variability on evapotranspiration and soil water distribution in the
Chihuahuan Desert: A modeling analysis. Plant Ecology 150:145-159. Reznick,
D., and P. Yang Anthony. 1993. The influence of fluctuating resources on
life history: Patterns of allocation and plasticity in female guppies.
Ecology 74:2011-2019. Richards,
J. H., and M. M. Caldwell. 1987. Hydraulic Lift - Substantial Nocturnal
Water Transport between Soil Layers by Artemisia-Tridentata Roots. Oecologia
73:486-489. Ridolfi,
L., P. D'Odorico, A. Porporato, and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe. 2000. Duration and
frequency of water stress in vegetation: An analytical model. Water
Resources Research 36:2297-2307. Robinson,
J. V., and C. D. Sandgren. 1983. The effect of temporal environmental
heterogeneity on community structure: a replicated experimental study.
Oecologia 57:98-102. Rodriguez-Iturbe,
I., P. D'Odorico, A. Porporato, and L. Ridolfi. 1999. On the spatial and
temporal links between vegetation, climate, and soil moisture. Water
Resources Research 35:3709-3722. Rodriguez-Iturbe,
I., A. Porporato, F. Laio, and L. Ridolfi. 2001. Plants in water-controlled
ecosystems: active role in hydrologic
processes and response to water stress I. Scope and general
outline. Advances in Water Resources 24:697-705. Rothstein,
D. E., D. R. Zak, and K. S. Pregitzer. 1996. Nitrate deposition in northern
hardwood forests and the nitrogen metabolism of Acer saccharum marsh.
Oecologia 108:338-344. Roundy,
B. A., and A. K. Dobrenz. 1989. Herbivory and Plant Water Status of Jojoba
Simmondsia-Chinensis Link Schn. in the Sonoran Desert in Arizona Usa.
Journal of Arid Environments 16:283-292. Roundy,
B. A., L. B. Abbott, and M. Livingston. 1997. Surface soil water loss after
summer rainfall in a semidesert grassland. Arid Soil Research and
Rehabilitation 11:49-62. Ruxton,
G. D., and S. Humphries. 1999. Multiple ideal free distributions of unequal
competitors. Evolutionary Ecology Research 1:635-640. Ryel,
R. J., M. M. Caldwell, and J. H. Manwaring. 1996. Temporal dynamics of soil
spatial heterogeneity in sagebrush-wheatgrass steppe during a growing
season. Plant and Soil 184:299-309. Ryel,
R. J., M. M. Caldwell, C. K. Yoder, D. Orr, and A. J. Leffler. 2001.
Hydraulic redistribution in a stand of Artemisia tridentata: evaluation of
benefits to transpiration assessed with a simulation model. Oecologia. Ryel,
R. J., M. M. Caldwell, C. K. Yoder, D. Or, and A. J. Leffler. 2002.
Hydraulic redistribution in a stand of Artemisia tridentata: evaluation of
benefits to transpiration assessed with a simulation model. Oecologia
130:173-184. Sala,
O. E., and W. K. Lauenroth. 1982. Small rainfall events: an ecological role
in semiarid regions. Ecology 53:301-304. Sala,
O. E., and W. K. Lauenroth. 1985. Root Profiles and the Ecological Effect of
Light Rainshowers in Arid and Semiarid Regions. American Midland Naturalist
114:406-408. Sala,
O. E., W. J. Parton, L. A. Joyce, and W. K. Lauenroth. 1988. Primary
Production of the Central Grassland Region of the USA. Ecology Washington
69:40-45. Sala,
O. E., R. A. Golluscio, W. K. Lauenroth, and A. Soriano. 1989. Resource
partitioning between shrubs and grasses in the Patagonian steppe. Oecologia
81:501-505. Sala,
O. E., W. K. Lauenroth, and W. J. Parton. 1992. Long-Term Soil Water
Dynamics in the Shortgrass Steppe. Ecology 73:1175-1181. Sala,
O. E., W. K. Lauenroth, and R. A. Golluscio. 1997. Plant functional types in
temperate semi-arid regions. Pages 217-233 in T. M. Smith, H. H. Shugart,
and F. I. Woodward, editors. Plant functional types: Their relevance to
ecosystem properties and global change. Cambridge University Press, New
York, USA. Saliendra,
N. Z., J. S. Sperry, and J. P. Comstock. 1995. Influence of leaf water
status on stomatal response to humidity, hydraulic conductance, and soil
drought in Betula occidentalis. Planta 196:357-366. Salih,
A. A., I. A. Ali, A. Lux, M. Luxova, Y. Cohen, Y. Sugimoto, and S. Inanaga.
1999. Rooting, water uptake, and xylem structure adaptation to drought of
two sorghum cultivars. Crop Science 39:168-173. Salleo, S., M. A. Lo Gullo, D. De Paoli, and M. Zippo. 1996. Xylem recovery from cavitation- |