#NEXUS [*]
[MacClade ToL #28 registered to Proto4 version #28.8 16 January 2001, DO NOT DISTRIBUTE]
BEGIN DATA;
DIMENSIONS NTAX=5 NCHAR=1;
FORMAT MISSING=? GAP=- ;
= GAP=- ;
= GAP=- ;
= GAP=- ;
= GAP=- ;
= GAP=- ;
= GAP=- ;
= GAP=- ;
= GAP=- ;
= GAP=- ;
= GAP=- ;
= GAP=- ;
MATRIX
[ ]
[ ]
Cyanidium ?
Porphyridiales ?
Compsopogonales ?
Bangiales ?
Florideophyceae ?
;
END;
BEGIN INTERNET;
NETLINK TAXON=5 REPLACE LOCATION='?.html';
END;
BEGIN ASSUMPTIONS;
OPTIONS DEFTYPE=unord PolyTcount=MINSTEPS ;
END;
BEGIN TreeOfLife;
CladeName Rhodophyta;
Subtitle Red_Algae;
Author Name=D._Wilson_Freshwater Email=freshwaterw@uncwil.edu Institution='Center_for_Marine_Science_Research,_University_of_North_Carolina_at_Wilmington,_1_Marvin_Moss_Lane,_Wilmington,_NC,_USA_28409' HomePage=_;
FirstOnline 24_March_2000;
Correspondent D._Wilson_Freshwater;
Email freshwaterw@uncwil.edu;
InternetInformation '
- Introduction to the Rhodophyta. UCMP Berkeley, California, USA.
- The Seaweeds Home Page. University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Louisiana, USA.
- The Seaweed Homepage. Michael Guiry, University College of Ireland-Galway, Ireland.
- Algae. National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D. C., USA.
- The World of Algae. Derek Keats, University of the Western Cape, Bellville (Cape Town), South Africa.
- Algae Home Page. Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.
- Algae: The Forgotten Treasure of Tide Pools. Images of California seaweeds. Sonoma State University, California, USA.
- Seaweeds of Monterey Bay. Marine Botany class project, UC Santa Cruz, California, USA.
';
TitleGraphic 'images/redtitle1a.jpg';
TitleGraphic 'images/redtitle2a.jpg';
TitleGraphic 'images/redtitle3a.jpg';
TitleGraphicCaption '
- Kallymenia perforata (Florideophyceae) collected from coral reef near Zamboanga, Mindanao, Philippines.
Image copyright © 2000, D. W. Freshwater.
- Gibsmithia hawaiiensis (Florideophyceae) collected from coral reef near Zamboanga, Mindanao, Philippines.
Image copyright © 2000, D. W. Freshwater.
- Porphyra carolinensis (Bangiales) growing on rocks in the upper intertidal zone, Masonboro Island, North Carolina, USA.
Image copyright © 2000, D. W. Freshwater.
';
AfterTreeText 'Taxa indicated by ''*'' are members of the traditional Bangiophyceae/Bangiophycidae that is now considered to be paraphyletic.';
NotesAboutPage 'The author wishes to thank G. W. Saunders for helpful comments, D. F. Kapraun and C. M. Pueschel for photos, and Katja Sabine-Schulz for invaluable help with the building of this page. Support for this page was provided in part by the National Science Foundation. ';
IconFolder '/tree/icons/';
DeepEnclosing '../eukaryotes.html';
Enclosing Eukaryotes;
EnclosingURL '../eukaryotes.html';
WebBrowserCreator MOSS;
Copyright Date=1999 Holder=D._Wilson_Freshwater;
TEXTNOTE ID=999 TITLE=Introduction TEXT='
The Rhodophyta (red algae) are a distinct eukaryotic lineage characterized by the accessory photosynthetic pigments phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanins arranged in phycobilisomes, and the absence of flagella and centrioles (Woelkerling 1990). This is a large assemblage of between 2500 and 6000 species in about 670 largely marine genera (Woelkerling 1990) that predominate along the coastal and continental shelf areas of tropical, temperate and cold-water regions (LŸning 1990). Red algae are ecologically significant as primary producers, providers of structural habitat for other marine organisms, and their important role in the primary establishment and maintenance of coral reefs. Some red algae are economically important as providers of food and gels. For this reason, extensive farming and natural harvest of red algae occurs in numerous areas of the world.
Figure 1. Seaweed farmers tending a Kappaphycus line culture in the Philippines.
Kappaphycus and other Gigartinales species are grown commercially for the extraction of carrageenan, a gel used in many food products.
Image copyright © 2000, D. F. Kapraun.
';
TEXTNOTE ID=1001 TITLE=Discussion_of_Phylogenetic_Relationships TEXT='Traditionally the red algae were divided into two Classes the Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae. Alternatively a single Class, the Rhodophyceae and two Subclasses, Bangiophycidae and Florideophycidae are used. Based on ultrastructure and molecular evidence the Bangiophyceae is now accepted as a paraphyletic group, while the Florideophyceae is considered to be monophyletic based on two synapomorphic characters - presence of a filamentous gonimoblast and tetrasporangia (Garbary & Gabrielson 1990 [and references within], Ragan et al. 1994).';
TEXTNOTE REFINDENT ID=1003 TITLE=References TEXT='Garbary, D.J. & Gabrielson, P.W. 1990. Taxonomy and evolution. Pages 477-498 in Biology of the red algae (K.M. Cole and R.G. Sheath, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
LŸning, K. 1990. Seaweeds: Their environment, biogeography, and ecophysiology. Wiley, New York.
Ragan, M.A., C.J. Bird, E.L. Rice, R.R. Gutell, C.A. Murphy and R.K. Singh. 1994. A molecular phylogeny of the marine red algae (Rhodophyta) based on the nuclear small-subunit rRNA gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7276-7280.
Woelkerling, W.J. 1990. An introduction. Pages 1-6 in Biology of the red algae (K.M. Cole and R.G. Sheath, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
';
TEXTNOTE ID=1 TITLE=Characteristics TEXT='Red algae have a number of general characteristics that in combination distinguish them from other eukaryotic groups:
- absence of flagella and centrioles
- floridean starch as a storage product and the storage of starch in the cytoplasm (Figure 2)
- phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin as accessory pigments
- unstacked thylakoids in plastids (Figure 3)
- no chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum
Figure 2. Griffithsia pacifica (Florideophyceae). Electron micrograph
showing cytoplasm with numerous chloroplasts (C) and starch (S). Starch is the photosynthetic reserve and is deposited free in the cytoplasm.
Image copyright © 2000, C. M. Pueschel.
Figure 3. Griffithsia pacifica (Florideophyceae). Close-up of figure 2 electron micrograph showing a chloroplast with unstacked photosynthetic lamellae (arrows) bearing granules, called phycobilosomes (arrowheads), composed of water-soluble phycobiliprotein accessory pigments.
Image copyright © 2000, C. M. Pueschel.
';
TOPICSORDER 999 1 1001 1003 ;
OPTIONS SQUARECORNERS NOFOOTPARENTHESES FEETINTREE UNDERCONSTRUCTION DEFRANDICON CenterBranches WRITETXPINTT EXCLUDETOLQUERY BREAKAFTERTITLE WRITENEXTPREV USENEXTPREV NUMRANDPICTURES=6 BRANCHHEIGHT=3 INCERTAEEDGEGAP=5 INCERTAETIPLENGTH=6 TAXONSPACING=1;
END;
BEGIN TREES;
TRANSLATE
1 Cyanidium,
2 Porphyridiales,
3 Compsopogonales,
4 Bangiales,
5 Florideophyceae
;
TREE * UNTITLED = [&R] (1,2,3,4,5);
END;
BEGIN NOTES;
TEXT TAXON=2 TEXT= '*';
TEXT TAXON=3 TEXT= '*';
TEXT TAXON=4 TEXT= '*';
END;
BEGIN MACCLADE;
Version m.1;
LastModified -1232468213;
Singles 0000&/01;
FileSettings treewindow ;
Editor 010011 24 Geneva 9 100 1;
TaxStatus closed Geneva 9 U ;
CharStatus closed Geneva 9 U ;
NodeStatus closed Geneva 9 U ;
TreeStatus closed Geneva 9 U ;
TypeStatus closed Geneva 9 U ;
END;