Forty-two overseed entries were evaluated for performance under fairway cultural management conditions. Entries included turf-type perennial ryegrass germplasm (commercially available varieties, commercial blends, experimental accessions), one mixture of perennial ryegrass and Poatrivialis, one intermediate ryegrass (Lolium hybridum) and one annual ryegrass. Significant differences were found to exist between these entries for turfgrass establishment, color, quality, density, texture, uniformity and transition.
 
 

Many large turf sites in the populated valleys of Tucson and Phoenix overseed bermudagrass in the early fall to provide a living turf surface during the typical dormant season for bermudagrass turfs. Overseeded bermudagrass thus provides an active growing surface for a considerable time period, and on a calendar basis it is often the primary turf. The overseed is present from October (usually the establishment month) until May and often into June. A satisfactory overseed turf should include the following characteristics (1) acceptable establishment, (2) good density, (3) provide a uniform surface, (4) have good performance during the winter, (5) mow evenly and cleanly, especially during April, May, and/or June, and, (6) have a uniform transition back to bermuda. This is important since bermuda recovery and growth may be as short as 10-11 weeks before the pre-overseed preparation is practiced. The 1994-1995 overseed trial was conducted to evaluate existing and newly developed germplasm for overseed purposes. Turfgrass agronomic responses were significant between overseed entries (treatments) for essentially all aspects of turf performance when evaluated under fairway conditions.

Forty-two entries were seeded on October 12, 1994 onto established common bermudagrass. Plot size was 7' X 6'. Each entry appeared four times in the test. The seed composition of entries ranged from single entries of perennial ryegrass cultivars or experimental accessions, to perennial ryegrass blends, one mixture of perennial ryegrass with Poa trivialis, one entry of annual ryegrass as a standard and a non-overseeded check. For exact entry compositions and seeding rates, see Appendix Table 1.

The test was maintained under fairway conditions. Plots were mowed three times weekly at 0.75 " with a sharp reel-type tri-plex mower. Clippings were collected and removed. Mowing patterns (direction) was changed at each successive mowing to either one of four directions. From mid October until April 11, 1995, a total of 6.2 lbs of -N-, 2.1 lbs of -P- and 8.5 lbs of -K- per 1000 sq. ft. were applied from eight monthly applications of granular turf fertilizers. In addition, plots received 8 fluid ounces/month of a liquid iron product as a foliar spray each month, starting in November, 1995.

Turfgrass measurements included visual estimates of percent plot cover, genetic color, density, texture (leaf width), uniformity, overall turfgrass quality and other variables when necessary (transition bermuda, leaf shredding in late spring, etc). The scale used for visual measurements (unless noted otherwise) was comprised of values using rating scales of 1-9, with 1 = least desirable, and 9 = most desirable. Mean turfgrass responses are included in accompany tables for each evaluation date/response combination. "Winter" and "Spring" means are also included for turfgrass color, quality, uniformity and texture. Data was analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique, and least significant difference values (L.S.D. values) are provided for mean separation only when the overseed entry (treatment) affect was significant.

November 1, 1995

Percent plot cover mean scores among overseeded plots ranged from 15% (WXO-148 PR) to 63% (Pleasure/Delaware/Nobility blend). Over half the entries had 50% or more plot cover. 'Magnum Brand' and the above mixture had 60% or above mean ground cover (Table 1).

Mean color scores between entries ranged from 3.0 to 8.0. The bermudagrass check grew back nicely from the mild verticutting and had the darkest color (8.0). The entries '2DLM', 'Manhattan III', 'Vivid', LRF413', and the 'Winterplay/Brighstar/Quickstart' blend had mean color scores within 6.0 - 6.3. There were 22 entries which showed mean color scores of 4.8 or less at this time (Table 2).

Mean uniformity scores ranged from 2.3 to 4.5 and the overseed entry (treatment effect) was not significant this early after overseeding for uniformity (Table 7).

November 17, 1995

Turfgrass cover, color, quality, and uniformity were measured. Mean percent plot coverage ranged from 54% to 86% with an overall test score of 75%. There were eleven entries with 80% or more live ground cover, with '93-3 PR', and 'SR4309' having 85% or greater mean ground cover. Only four entries had less than 70% ground cover (Table 1). Mean color scores ranged from 2.3 to 7.8. Entries with color scores of less than 5.0 are very light in color, which is not necessarily related to quality. There were six entries which had mean color scores of 7.0 or greater which included '93-3', 'LRF 4113', 'Sonoran II blend', 'MVF', '2DLM', and the 'Winterplay' blend (Table 2). Turfgrass quality mean scores ranged from 1.8 (bermudagrass check) to 6.3. 'Excel PR', '93-3', 'SR4309', '93-6', 'Manhattan II', and 'APR 087 PR' all had mean quality scores of 6.0 or greater (Table 4). Uniformity differences were much more apparent now at 1 month after overseeding. The entries 'Manhattan II', '93-6', 'APR 087', 'Vivid', 'SR4309', and '93-3' had mean uniformity scores of 6.0 or greater (Table 6).

December 1, 1995

Percent plot cover, color, quality, and uniformity scores were assigned to plots. The overall percent plot cover for turf cover increased by 6 weeks after planting, with cover ranging from 40% ('annual ryegrass') to 85% cover ('APR 087'). There were eight varieties with 80% or greater mean ground cover, with another fifteen entries having 75%-79% cover (Table 1). Mean turfgrass color scores ranged from 1.0 (straw colored bermuda) to 7.0 ('LRF 4113 PR'). The entries 'Divine', '2 DLM PR', 'MVF', 'Winterplay blend', and 'LRF 4113', had mean color scores of 6.5 or greater, with an additional ten entries having mean color scores within the 6.0-6.3 range (Table 2).

Turfgrass quality scores improved generally from the previous months ratings. Mean entry scores were 7.0 for 'APR 087' and as low as 1.0 for the dormant bermudagrass. 'SR 4309', and '93-3' had mean quality scores of 6.8, followed closely by 'MVF', '92-4', 'Manhattan III', 'Black Hawk', 'Magnum Brand', 'SR 4301', 'Esquire', 'Affinity', 'Omni', and the 'Sonoran II Blend' (Table 4). Uniformity mean scores of 6.0 or greater show acceptable uniformity in surface appearance. On December 1, the entries exhibiting these mean scores included the 'Magnum Brand', 'Esquire', 'Evening Shade', 'Omni', 'SR 4301', "Manhattan III', '92-4', SR 4309', 'APR 087', and '93-3' (Table 6).

December 22, 1995

Christmas came early by three days. Cold temperatures at night probably caused some plot yellowing (iron chlorosis). Chlorosis plot scores were assigned at this date a 1-9, 1 = none and 9 = severe (data not shown). Basically, small amounts of yellowing appeared on most plots. 'WXO - 148 PR' had the most noticeable leaf yellowing (3.0), followed by 'Mulligan/Dandy/Target', 'SR 4301', 'Loredo', and 'Tophat'. Six entries showed no discernable leaf yellowing. These included 'LRF 4113', 'Vivid', '93-3', '2 FE PR', 'Annual' and '93-6 PR'.

Mean turfgrass color scores ranged from 1.0 (bermudagrass) to 8.5 for 'GH-94 PR'. Five entries now had mean color performance scores of 8.0 or greater ('LRF 4113', 'Divine', 'Excel', '2DLM', 'GH-94'). These were followed closely by Sonoran II, Accent PR, and 2 FE PR (7.5-7.8). Only four entries had mean color scores of 4.3 or less (Table 2). Mean turfgrass quality score ranged from 1.0 (bermudagrass) to 7.5 for '93-3 PR' and 'SR4309', 'Winterplay blend', 'Affinity', 'Esquire' and 'Excel' followed closely with scores within the 7.0-7.3 range (Table 4).

Uniformity of the plot surface is important and can be influenced by cold temperatures. Uniformity mean scores ranged from 1.0 (bermuda) to 7.5 for 'Esquire', followed closely by 'MVF PR' (7.0). Sixteen entries had mean uniformity scores of 6.3 to 6.8, while an additional eight had mean scores of 6.0. Entries with mean uniformity scores of 4.0 or less had more variable plot surfaces (Table 6).

Density scores ranged from 1.0 (bermudagrass) to 7.8, with higher values representing increased density. 'APR 087' and 'SR 4309', had mean December density values of 7.8 and 7.5, respectively, followed by '92-4', 'Vivid' and 'Magnum Brand' (7.0 to 7.3). Four other entries had mean density values of 6.8 ('93-3', 'Evening Shade', 'Affinity PR', and 'Manhattan III'). Ten others had mean scores of 6.5 (Table 8). There was a great difference between entries for leaf texture (leaf width visual estimates). The most coarse entry was that of the dormant non-overseed bermudagrass (1.0), with the finer plots belonging to the entries 'APR 087', '92-4', 'Williamsburg', 'Evening Shade', 'Magnum Brand', 'SR 4309' and 'Manhattan III'. These entries had mean visual density estimates of 6.8 or greater. Entries with values of less than 4.0 would be easily distinguished by casual observation as having less density as a turf (Table 9). For percent plot cover, mean scores ranged from 10% live turf (bermuda) to essentially 100% cover. Entries with less than 90% cover were easily detected visually and included 'MED 1707', 'Annual ryegrass', 'Joust', 'Froghair Intermediate' and 'AZ-Common' (data not shown).

January 28, 1995

Percent plot cover, turfgrass color, quality, texture and uniformity were assessed on this date. All entries had 96% or greater percent plot cover except 'annual ryegrass', which had a mean plot cover of 82%. The check had 30% cover (annual weeds)(data not shown). Turfgrass color scores ranged from 2.0 (bermudagrass) to 8.3 for GH-94', followed by 'LRF 4113' at 7.8. Entries '2DLM', '2FE', 'Divine', 'Manhattan III' and the 'Sonoran II blend' had mean color scores of 7.3. 'SR 4309', 'Froghair Intermediate' and 'annual ryegrass' were the lightest in color (Table 2). Turfgrass quality scores ranged from 4.0 to 7.5. 'Esquire', 'Accent', 'Black Hawk', and 'APR 099' had mean quality scores of 7.3. The 'Pleasure/Delaware/Nobility PR blend scored a 7.5 mean quality value. Seventeen entries scored mean values within the 6.5 - 7.0 range (Table 4). Mean texture (leaf width estimate) scores ranged from 3.0 ('Froghair' and 'Annual ryegrass') to 7.5 for 'SR 4309' and 'APR 087', followed by 'APR 099' and 'APR 087', each with mean texture scores of 7.0 (Table 9).

Overall uniformity scores increased from the previous rating, as warmer daytime temperatures occurred. The mean scores between overseeded entries ranged from 3.5 ('annual ryegrass') to 7.5 ('J1704 PR'). Eight other entries had mean uniformity values of 7.3 which included 'Pleasure/Delaware/Nobility blend', 'Excel', 'SR 4309', 'Accent PR', 'Esquire PR', 'APR 099', 'Black Hawk', and the 'Mulligan' blend. Nine other entries had mean uniformity scores of 7.0 (Table 6).

February 20, 1995

This week showed the first return of warm weather. Turfgrass color scores ranged from 3.5 ('Froghair') to 8.0 ('Divine', '2DLM' and LRF 4113'). 'GH 94' and '2 FE' were close behind with 7.8 and 7.5 mean color scores, respectively (Table 3). For overall turfgrass quality, scores ranged from 2.3 (bermudagrass) to 8.3 for 'Tophat' and 'J1704', followed closely by 'Affinity', '2 DLM' and 'Magnum brand', (each with mean scores of 7.8). 'Wizard', 'Vivid' and 'Accent' were next with mean values 7.5, followed closely by the 'Mulligan blend', 'Sonoran II blend', 'MVF', and 'Excel PR', all with scores of 7.3 (Table 5). Density estimates ranged between entries from 2.0 (bermudagrass) to 8.3 for 'Winterplay blend' and the 'Pleasure/Delaware/Nobility' blend. 'SR 4309' scored a mean density value of 8.0, followed by six others with mean uniformity score of 7.8 (Table 8).

Mean texture scores ranged from 2.0 (bermudagrass check) to 8.3 ('SR 4309'). Ten other entries scored highly in the texture ratings, with mean scores of 7.8. Entries with mean scores of 7.5 or greater have overall, quite fine leaf textures (Table 9). Leaf shredding was assigned to plots immediately after mowing, using a scale of 1-9, where 1 = no shredding, and 9 = extreme shredding. No leaf shredding was evident on the entries '2 FE', '2 DLM', 'Manhattan III' and 'Aquarius'. Entries which showed noticeable leaf shredding included '92-4', 'APR 087', 'Froghair' and 'Joust' (Table 11).

March 20, 1995

Turfgrass color, quality, uniformity and leaf shredding were evaluated on March 20. Turfgrass color scores ranged from 3.0 for the bermudagrass check, to 7.8 for both '2 FR' and '2 DLM', followed by 'Divine', 'LRF 4113' (both at 7.5) 'Laredo', 'Sonoran II blend', 'GH-94', 'Esquire' and 'Accent' posted mean scores within the 7.0 to 7.3 range. Seven overseed entries had color scores of 4.8 or less (Table 3). Turfgrass quality scores ranged from 2.0 (bermudagrass) to 7.5 for 'Accent' and 'Omni", followed by 'SR 4031' and 'J1704' (7.3 each), and 'MVF' (7.0) (Table 5). Uniformity scores ranged from 2.0 (bermudagrass) to 7.3 for both 'Omni' and 'Accent'. 'J1704' was next with mean uniformity score of 7.0. Fourteen other entries yielded mean uniformity score between the 6.0 to 6.8 range (Table 7). Leaf shred values were once again assigned, which ranged from 1.0 (none) for bermudagrass, to 5.0 (moderate) for '2 DLM' and 'LRF 4113', followed closely by 'Joust' (4.8), 'Pegasus' (4.3) and 'WXO-148' (4.0). The lowest amount of shredding of the overseeded plots occurred on 'Affinity', 'SR 4301' and 'Froghair Intermediate' (Table 11).

April 12, 1995

Turfgrass color, quality, texture and uniformity values were assigned to all plots. Mean color scores ranged from 4.0 ('annual ryegrass', 'Joust', 'Froghair') to 8.3 for the 'Sonoran II blend'. Entries 'LRF 4113' and 'GH-94' were next with mean color scores of 8.0. 'Laredo', '2FE', 'Tophat', 'Manhattan III', and '2DLM' had mean scores of 7.5. Seven other entries had mean scores of between 7.0 and 7.3 (Table 3). Although the entry (treatment) effect was significant, there were six or seven varieties with lower quality ratings from the rest at this time. The 'Sonoran II blend' scored a mean quality rating of 7.0, with thirty-six other entries yielding mean quality performance scores within the 6.0 to 6.8 range (Table 5). Texture scores ranged from 3.0 for the bermudagrass check, to 8.0 for 'WXO-148' and 'SR 4309'. Twenty-three other entries posted mean texture scores within the 7.0 to 7.8 range (Table 10). The range between entry means for plot uniformity was now decreasing, as 38 entries had mean uniformity scores between 6.0 and 7.0. This is most likely due to the overall effect of environment (warm weather) and quick response to fertilizations (Table 7). Percent plot poa invasion (Poa annua) was evaluated visually on a % plot basis as seed heads were visible at that time. Mean plot infestations among treatments were less than 7%, and was not significant among treatments (data not shown).

May 23, 1995

Mean entry color scores ranged from 3.3 ('Froghair') to 8.0 for '2 FE', 'LRF 4113' and 'GH 94'. 'Sonoran II' and 'Divine' were next at 7.8, followed closely by '2 DLM' (7.5). 'Laredo', 'Accent', 'Manhattan III' and 'Esquire' had mean color scores on May 5 of 7.0 (Table 3).

Quality mean scores ranged from 1.8 for the bermudagrass checks to 6.5 for 'Wizard'. '2 FE', 'Sonoran II blend', 'Mulligan blend', and 'Manhattan III' had mean quality scores of 6.0 to 6.3. Extreme daytime temperatures (large environmental affect) were decreasing performance between entries by the end of May. Fourteen seeded entries had mean quality scores of 4.8 or less, showing direct quality reductions from heat stress (Table 5).

Leaf texture between entries maintained their integrity however. Mean leaf texture scores ranged from 1.5 (bermudagrass) to 8.8 for 'Winterplay/Brighstar/Quickstart'. 'SR 4301' and 'SR 4309' had mean texture ratings of 8.0 and 7.8, respectively. 'Mulligan blend', 'APR 099', '92-4' and 'APR 087' produced mean texture scores of 7.3-7.5. Those with mean texture score of 5.8 or less exhibited easily noticeable wider leaf blades (Table 10). Uniformity mean scores ranged from 1.3 to 5.5 among overseed entries. Although uniformity had decreased in time due to heat stress, there was still a continuous graduation in uniformity when observing mean uniformity scores on this date. The entry '93-6' had moderate uniformity maintenance (5.5) as did 'Affinity' (5.5). Five other entries 'SR 4309', 'Eagle', 'Evening Shade', 'Tophat', and 'APR 087' had mean uniformity scores of 5.0 to 5.3 (Table 7). Note in the table the large L.S.D. value for uniformity on this date. This is due to a large variation among plots within entries, showing the effect of heat stress on overall plot integrity.

The last visual estimates of density were made at this time. Densities on average decreased compared to the previous month. Mean density scores ranged from 2.0 ('annual ryegrass') to 6.3 for 'Affinity'. 'Winterplay blend', 'J1704' and 'Sonoran II blend' all had mean densities of 6.0 (Table 8).

Visual overall stress values were assigned on May 23. Values were assigned on a scale 1-9, 1 = no stress 9 = extreme stress from heat and mowing stress. Stress scores ranged from 1.0 for 'Evening Shade', 'Affinity', 'Winterplay blend', 'Annual ryegrass', to 5.8 for both '2 DLM' and 'LRF 4113', followed by 'GH 94' (4.8) and 'WXO-148' (Table 12). These four entries exhibited the greatest amounts of visual stress, which in part translates into reduction of overall quality.

Percent plot bermuda (0-100% visual scale) was assigned on both May 23 and finally on June 15. On May 23, percent plot bermuda between entries ranged from 3-9% for over 36 of the 43 entries, showing the persistence of the cool season grasses in late May. 'Annual ryegrass' and 'Froghair Intermediate' had 63% and 47% bermuda, respectively, followed by the non-overseeded bermudagrass (42%). 'Joust', '2 DLM', 'Divine' and 'Winterplay' had between 10-24% mean bermudagrass (Table 13). By June 17, the bermudagrass transition had increased overall, yet 39 out of 43 entries had 35% or less bermuda, while 24 out of 43 entries had 20% or less bermudagrass. Those entries with the least amounts of bermudagrass included 'Aquarius' (6%), 'SR 4301' (6%), 'Sonoran II blend' (7%), 'Double Eagle' (8%), along with 'SR 4309', 'Wizard', and 'Excel' (9%). 'Joust', 'Froghair', 'annual ryegrass' and the 'bermudagrass check' had 49-82% bermudagrass (Table 13). 'Joust' had the most amount of bermuda (49%) among perennial ryegrasses, while 'Froghair Intermediate' and 'annual' had greatest amount as non-perennial types (62% and 68%, respectively). The check had 82% bermudagrass (Table 13).

June 15, 1995

The percent bermudagrass remaining is reported above. A last observation of uniformity was made on July 15 as well. The overall plot appearance as a surface is scored for uniformity and percent bermuda may or may not influence uniformity, especially if the bermudagrass returns evenly, within the plot. There were seven entries which showed mean uniformity scores of 6.0 or greater. These included 'Sonoran I blend' (7.3), 'Mulligan Blend' (7.0), '93-6' (6.3). 'Magnum Brand', 'Evening Shade', 'Sonoran II blend' and 'Affinity' had mean scores of 6.0 (data not shown). There were ten entries which had mean uniformity scores of 3.3 or less. These included the entries of 'Winterplay Blend', 'Pegasus PR', non-overseeded check, 'Excel PR', 'SR4301 PR', 'GH-94 PR', 'Froghair Intermediate', '2DLM PR', 'annual ryegrass' and 'WXO-148 PR'. Final color scores were assigned on June 17. Mean color scores ranged from 2.0 ('WXO-148) to 6.7 and 6.3 for 'Sonoran II blend' and 'Sonoran I Blend'. 'Tophat' and '93-6' also had color scores of 6.3. Five other entries had mean color scores 6.0 which included 'Evening Shade', '2 DLM PR', '2 FE', 'Affinity' and 'Divine'(Table 13). Final quality scores on June 15 ranged from 2.0 ('WXO-148') to 7.0 for both 'Sonoran I blend' and '93-6 PR'. 'Divine', 'Mulligan blend', 'Aquarius', 'Affinity', 'Eagle', 'Eveningshade' and 'Esquire' had mean final quality score within the 6.0 to 6.7 range (Table 13). This data demonstrates how different entries interact with season, since the leading varieties for overall turf quality can differ in midwinter, early spring, late spring and again by early summer.

Final overall mean color scores for the entire season (up to May 23, thus excluding the final transition) ranged from 3.3 for the non-overseeded bermudagrass, to 7.6 for 'LRF 4113'. There were five entries which had overall test mean color scores of 7.0 or greater. These included the entries 'LRF 4113 PR' (7.6), '2 DLM' (7.4). 'GH-94 PR' (7.3), 'Sonoran II Blend' (7.2), 'Divine PR' (7.2) and '2 FE' PR (.7.1) (Table 14). The entry '2 FE' had better spring color than winter color, while 'LRF 4113' had the darkest color generally all year long. Dark color does not mandate better quality. The highest numerical overall year long mean quality score was calculated for '93-3' PR, 'Affinity' and 'MVF-PR' (6.5-6.6) (Table 13). The entry '93-3' is not an especially dark colored grass, but has other attributes defining it as a turf with acceptable quality. 'SR4309' had high quality scores for winter mean performance (6.8). This same entry, had lower but acceptable mean quality scores for the spring evaluations (6.0). Still, it ranked tied for third in overall year-long mean quality scores.

Turfgrass managers may have a preference as to what time of the year the demands on the overseed turf are the greatest. For example, a resort course may need to attract players in the late fall and early winter, while a private course may desire peak performance for mid or late spring tournaments. For this reason, winter and spring means were generated for turfgrass color, quality, uniformity and texture. If good performance is critical during the initial summer (full transition), than data taken on June 15 may be off special importance. This test was concluded on June 15, 1995.

The authors would like to thank Paul McGinnis and his staff for providing the high level of turfgrass mnagement required to make this test successful.

ENTRY COMPOSITION DESIGNATED IN REPORT AS

1. 40% Delaware PR 'Pleas/Del/Nobil'

40% Pleasure PR

20% Nobility PR

2. APR 087 PR 'APR 087 PR'

3. APR 099 PR 'APR 099 PR'

4. 50% Omni PR 'Magnum Brand'

50% Vantage PR

5. Omni PR 'Omni'

6. WXO-148 PR 'WXO-148 PR'

7. Vivid PR 'Vivid PR'

8. Esquire PR 'Esquire PR'

9. Eveningshade PR 'Even Shade Pr'

10. Affinity PR 'Affinity PR'

11. Aquarius PR 'Aquarius PR'

12. Froghair Intermediate 'Froghair Int'

13. Laredo PR 'Laredo PR'

14. Black Hawk PR 'Black Hawk'

15. 40% Mulligan PR 'Mull/Dandy/Target'

16. 93-3 PR '93-3-PR'

17. MVF-PR 'MVF-PR'

18. 93-6 PR '93-6-PR'

19. 92-4 PR '92-4-PR'

20. Med 1707 PR 'Med 1707 PR'

21. Accent PR 'Accent PR'

22. J1704 PR 'J1704 PR'

23. LRF-4113 PR 'LRF 4113 PR'

24. Double Eagle PR 'DBL Eagle PR'

25. Eagle PR 'Eagle PR'

26. Williamsburg PR 'Williamsburg PR'

27. SR4301 PR 'SR4301 PR'

28. Joust PR 'Joust PR'

29. SR4309 PR 'SR4309 PR'

30. Pegasus PR 'Pegasus PR'

31. Manhattan III PR 'Manhattan III'

32. GH-94 PR 'GH-94 PR'

33. 33% 2DGR 'Sonoran II Blend'

33% 2MS

33% GH-94

34. 2 DLM PR '2 DLM PR'

35. 2FE PR '2 FE PR'

36. 33% Navajo PR 'Sonoran I Blend'

33% Quickstart PT

33% Brighstar PR

37. 20% Winterplay Poa Triv. 'Winply/B.Star/QK

40% Brighstar PR

40% Quickstart PR

38. Top Hat PR 'Tophat PR'

39. Divine PR 'Divine PR'

40. Excel PR 'Excel PR'

41. Wizard PR 'Wizard PR'

42. Check-non overseed bermuda 'check'

43. Annual ryegrass 'annual'

FN:OVERSEED