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EXAM 1 - General Mycology 427/527                                                       

 

Multiple Choice:

 

Circle all the correct answers.  There may be more than one correct answer.  (0.5 points for each correct answer)

 

1.  Unlike plants, fungi

 

                  a.  have cellulose in their cell walls

                  b.  are unable to fix CO2

                  c.  reproduce by spores

                  d.  lack a plasma membrane

                  e.  lack chlorophyll

 

2.  All organisms in the kingdom Fungi

 

                  a.  use the same pathway to synthesize lysine

                  b.  contain chitin in their cell walls

                  c.  have cellulose in their cell walls

                  d.  reproduce sexually at some point in a year

                  e.  lack motile cells in their life cycle

 

3.  Absorptive nutrition means that fungi

 

                  a.  secrete digestive enzymes that break down organic matter externally

                  b.  absorb food, such as cellulose, and break it down internally

                  c.  engulf their food and digest it inside their cytoplasm

                  d.  absorb CO2 and N2 from the atmosphere for food

 

4.  The fungus-like organisms of the kingdom Stramenopila differ from those in the kingdom Fungi by

 

                  a.  containing cellulose in their cell walls

                  b.  having motile cells with tinsel flagella

                  c.  the lack of a plasma membrane

                  d.  the lack of a cell wall

                  e.  the pathway they use to synthesize lysine

 

5.  Apical growth in Fungi depends on

 

                  a.  vesicles in hyphal tips

                  b.  budding

                  c.  chitin synthase

                  d.  turgor pressure

                  e.  septum formation

 

6.  A teleomorph is

 

                  a.  a survival structure of fungi composed of tightly wound hyphae

                  b.  the type of conidium produced by thallic conidiation

                  c.  the name of the asexual form of a fungus

                  d.  the name of the sexual form of a fungus

                  e.  the name used to refer to most fungi when both the asexual and sexual forms are known

 

7.  Chitin

 

                  a.  is a fibrillar component of fungal cell walls

                  b.  is N-acetyl glucosamine

                  c.  is glucose

                  d.  is a polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine

                  e.  is a polymer of glucose

 

8.  Saprobes are essential to life on earth because

 

                  a.  they consume C02 which would otherwise build up to toxic levels

                  b.  they recycle organic material to produce inorganic compounds

                  c.  they remove excess debris that other organisms produce

                  d.  grow in association with the roots of most plants, providing scarce minerals to the plants

 

9.  Asexual reproduction in fungi requires

 

                  a.  meiosis

                  b.  mitosis

                  c.  formation of conidia

                  d.  karyogamy

 

10.  Septa are

 

                  a.  hyphal survival structures

                  b.  crosswalls that separate fungal cells

                  c.  present only in coenocytic hyphae

                  d.  used to distinguish the Ascomycota from the Basidiomycota

                  e.  infection structures used to penetrate plant cell walls

 

11.  A fungal survival structure may be

 

                  a. a sporangiospore

b. an appressorium

                  c. a haustorium

                  d. a sclerotium

                  e. a conidium

                   f. a septum

 

12.  The majority of fungal species

 

                  a.  are pathogens

                  b.  are saprobes

                  c.  lack cell walls during vegetative growth

                  d.  are eukaryotic

                  e.  are quite possibly not yet identified

 

13.  Features required in the proper name of a fungal species are

 

                  a.  a genus name and a species epithet

                  b.  the species epithet is sufficient

                  c.  genus name and species epithet underlined, or in italics

d.  capitalization of the first letter of the genus name, but not the species epithet

                  e.  the genus name will end in ÒmycotaÓ

 

 

14.  The growth unit of a filamentous fungus is

 

                  a.  a single cell

                  b.  a fixed length of a hypha

                  c.  a variable length of hypha which may vary with nutritional conditions

                  d.  an asexual spore

                  e.  the amount of a hypha that supports the growth of a single hyphal tip

 

15.  An asexual spore may be called a

 

                  a.  ascospore

                  b.  conidiophore

                  c.  sporangiospore

                  d.  conidium

                  e.  haustorium

 

16.  A mode of conidiation where the cell wall of the conidium is not continuous with the cell wall of the conidiogenous cell may be called

 

                  a.  holoblastic conidiation  

                  b.  enteroblastic conidiation

                  c.  blastic acropetal conidiation

                  d.  blastic phialidic conidiation

                  e.  blastic annellidic conidiation

 

17.     In blastic acropetal conidiation

 

a.      the youngest conidium is at the top of the conidial chain

b.      the youngest conidium is at the base of the conidial chain

c.       cytoplasmic streaming occurs from the conidiophore through the other conidia in a chain

d.      preformed hyphal segments are converted into conidia

e.  the contents of the conidiophore are cleaved to produce spores within it

18.  The sexual cycle in filamentous fungi

 

                  a.  produces more spores in general than the asexual cycle

b.  involves a series of genetically programmed events that promote genetic recombination

                  c.   requires karyogamy and meiosis

                  d.  may produce either haploid or diploid spores depending on the fungal species

                  e.  is also known as the anamorph stage of a fungal species

 

19.  Branching in filamentous fungi

 

                  a.  allows exponential growth of hyphal tips

                  b.  allows exponential growth of a fungal colony

                  c.  increases in a nutrient rich environment

d.  requires chitin synthase to break down the rigid cell wall of a fungal cell back from the main tip of a fungal hypha

 

20.  Slime molds differ from both the Stramenopila and the true Fungi because they     

                 

                  a.  lack a cell wall during vegetative growth        

                  b.  lack a plasma membrane during vegetative growth

c.       use a phagocytic mode of nutrition

d.      reproduce by production of sporangiospores instead of conidia

 

Matching:  Place the correct letter from the right hand column by the correct phylum in the left hand column.  (2 points per answer)

 

 

1) Ascomycota                                                                  a) chitin in cell wall, no known sexual stage

 

2) Chytridiomycota                                                         b) cellulose in cell walls, use the DAP lysine biosynthetic pathway

 

3) Deuteromycota                                                           c) septa are dolipore, sexual spores produced on club-shaped structures

 

4) Oomycota                                                                        d) coenocytic hyphae, asexual spores are non-motile sporangiospores

 

5) Basidiomycota                                                             e) chitin in cell wall, zoospores with a posterior whiplash flagellum

 

6) Zygomycota                                                                   f) hyphae septate with simple septa, asexual spores are conidia, sexual spores contained in a sac

 

 

 

Short Answers:  Answer the following questions briefly and concisely.  Points listed by each question.

 

1.            Are yeasts filamentous fungi?  Support your answer :  (2 pts)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.            Draw and label a sporangiophore, sporangiospore and sporangium.  How does sporangiosporogenesis differ from conidiogenesis?   (4 pts)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.            Describe and draw the differences between blastic and thallic conidiation. (3 pts)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.            What are two advantages of asexual reproduction as compared to sexual reproduction for a fungus?  ( 2 pts)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.            a. What is a haustorium?  Describe the details of its structure and how it functions. (You may include a drawing to assist your explanation)(2 pts)

 

 

 

 

 

                  5b. Why are they important for the growth of obligate parasites?  (2 pts)

 

 

 

 

 

 

                 

5c.  (EXTRA CREDIT)  Would you expect an obligate parasite or a facultative parasite to have a wider range of distribution?  Why? (2 pts)

 

 

 

 

 

 

6.             a.  Describe what plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis are, and their roles in sexual reproduction in fungi.  (4.5 points)

 

 

 

 

 

 

                 

 

 

 

b.  Describe how the relative timing of the events in 6a determine whether an organism is haploid, or diploid during the asexual phase of its lifecycle.  (3 points)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

True/False:  Write true or false to the left of each answer.  (1 point each)

 

1.  Morphological characters are more accurate indicators of evolutionary relatedness than DNA sequences

 

2.  A polyphyletic group of organisms defined as an ancestor and all its descendants.

 

3.  All sporangiospores are motile spores

 

4.  Chitin synthase is required for cell wall growth of the Oomcyota

 

5.  All pathogens are parasites

 

6.  A fungal spore is an embryo

 

 

Definitions: (in 15 words or less) (1.5 pts per definition)

 

hypha

 

 

 

coenocytic

 

 

 

sclerotium

 

 

 

appressorium

 

 

 

facultative parasite

 

 

 

coprophilous

 

 

 

dikaryon

 

 

 

EXTRA CREDIT: What question did you expect to be on this test that is not here?  What is the answer?  (sliding points from 1 to 5 pts depending on the complexity of the question and answer.  Your question could appear on next yearÕs exam!!!)